Transgenders And Olympics Games - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2001 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Transgender Essay Did you like this example? Since 1896, every two years, countries from all around the world gather for the Olympics (Staff 1). The Olympics are normally divided into two groups from each country, being male or female. Different athletes from each country are put into many different events to compete against other countries athletes to do their best to place top three. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Transgenders And Olympics Games" essay for you Create order First place receives the gold medal, second receives silver and third place receives the bronze medal. The countries who do not make it into the top tier do not place and do not obtain any of the three medals for the event. If an athlete is caught cheating, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) can strip the athlete of their medal or medals they won and the medal(s) will be given to the runner up. With people and culture progressing, some people are starting to become more comfortable and are coming out as transgender. Being transgender is where they identify as the gender opposite of the one they were assigned at birth. It is also becoming more common for people to come out because it is more socially acceptable especially with a former athlete who competed in the Olympics such as Bruce Jenner, now known as Caitlyn Jenner. Some of these people happen to be athletes who currently want to compete in professional sports. With the Olympics coming up this brings about the question, should transgender people be allowed to compete in the Olympics? This argument can lie on two sides. First, that they should not be allowed to compete because it is cheating as they may have an advantage biologically and it would be easier to win with male to female transitions having the advantage of testosterone. Another side is that it is fair because whether you see it or not, people have advantages in sports all the time so this is no different, especially with the hormone treatment they must undergo. To answer the question at hand one must look at different impacts upon this economically, politically, and socially to det ermine if transgenders should be allowed to compete in the Olympics under the gender they identify as. With this question, the arguments previously mentioned are formed. The side that defends the idea that transgenders should be allowed to participate in the Olympics believe that it is fair for them to compete and their reasons are, how the hormone therapy affects these athletes, how long the hormone therapy lasts with the punishments and, how advantages in athletes are unavoidable in any professional sport. If male to female transgenders are to compete they would not simply participate in the medical checks that the average cisgender would. The athlete would also have to undergo the checks from hormone therapy. The hormone therapy rules is that in order for the male to female transgender athlete to compete their hormone levels must be below or the same as cisgender women. Cisgender means refers to folks whose biological sex matches their gender identity, the opposite of transgender (Petrow). The treatment of the hormone therapy demands such low testosterone and this can lead to a de crease in muscle mass, bone density and other physical characteristics (Petrow). This can add to how fair it is because of how this is detrimental to their athletic ability which can not just level the playing field, but give the cisgender women athletes and advantage over the athletes who have underwent the necessary hormone therapy to compete. The strength of this point from the side is that it not only shows it is fair but favoring the other athletes so it gives the idea of logic to support how this is fair but also uses sources in its argument. The weakness of this though is that it is in more of a conversational tone and this can make it seem like it is less credible.The side has information of a case in Australia. The case is about how male to female transgenders athletes should be allowed to compete if they have done the needed hormone therapy and how it must be below 10 nmol/L for at least 12 months before competing (Transgender). Which also shows how they not only have to undergo this treatment but also for this extended amount of time to make sure that they are actually below the limit of 10 nmol/L. This article evaluates the case and how the rules would be just and how this would also allow the athlete to not go through gender reassignment surgery but throughout the time they would be involved in professional sports it would have to stay under 10 nmol. This also goes into the logical side with stating the punishment if they violated the rules and the punishment would be that the athlete wouldnt be able to compete for at least 12 months. In India as well there was another case that came to a said how they didnt have enough evidence to prove that above 10 nmol/L an unfair advantage (Transgender). The author uses these two court cases both from different places in the world, Australia and India, to support how it is fair because it gives details on how athletes have to go through this hormone treatment and for how long. There is also another way of support for this argument others on this side take, which is that the transgender athletes should be allowed to compete because in professional sports there are ways athletes have a natural advantage over others and how this cant be avoided (Jackson-Gibson). The article is about how some people do see the other side of the argument but does present how this can be seen as how even after the hormone treatment people still see it as unfair because of other things such as height even but also refutes this with how advantages are there in almost every sport which creates competition in them. The argument does contain weaknesses such as the fact it can support both sides. This can take away credibility because of how their is a lack of choosing one definitive side which can show how they might not be sure how they feel about the argument. There is an opposition to this argument that opposes this view that it is fair for the athletes to compete. They believe that it is not a fair advantage for the athletes who are of male to female transition while they compete against the cisgender opponents. The people who take this side are able to use the support of how genetically it can be unfair. In a volleyball tournament in Hawaii, many people which includes the players and the parents who said how if they allow the transgenders to participate in the tournament then it creates an unrealistic level of competition (Jackson-Gibson). The article also talks briefly about what testosterone is which is a ?male hormone a sex hormone produced by the testes that encourages the development of male sexual characteristicsthe most potent of the naturally occurring androgensthey also strengthen muscle tone and bone mass (Medical). They use this in their argument to show how the accusers see it as if transgender male to females are al lowed to compete this gives them the advantages of more than just talent. The author, Adele Jackson-Gibson, also specifically mentions how it is see how it is the mens primary sex hormone, not the womens. This does support the claims of the other players in the female volleyball tournament at how this makes it unfair for them. The author does present the information with scientific information to support the points they make about why there is controversy about the topic. While presenting the the argument Jackson-Gibson avoids using their opinion and making it highly unbiased by only using opinions when others mention it by quoting them. In the article she does not clearly state that she supports either side of this argument. There is more information in this argument than just testosterone, there is evidence about how there is a difference in the muscle fibers of men than women (Haizlip). This is presenting information about certain biological differences between men and women, and does not focus on the argument on whether transgenders should be allowed to participate in sporting events like the Olympics. The article about Sex-Based Differences in Skeletal Muscle Kinetics and Fiber-Type Composition says how there has been over 3,000 genes that are different between men and women when dealing with the skeletal muscles. This can be used for this side of the argument which believes that it is unfair for transgenders to participate in sports because of how genetically men and women are very different. This supports the claim made that it makes it unrealistically unfair because of how many differences there are between the two genders. The article from the American Psychological Society is presented as infor mation only and does not make any assumptions or any opinion based statements, it only goes over multiple studies and the data they have come up with. The origin of the source and the and the lack of bias does add to the credibility of this source and its evidence they provide. An author Heather Zeiger makes the argument that even though the athletes do go through hormone therapy and surgery the athletes are not able to change every part of their body to make it equivalent to that of another gender and become something else completely (Zeiger). There is examples like some of the most notable differences such as hip width and femur length (Zeiger) and this makes the center of masses different. There is a weakness in the article of how there is definitely a bias towards not allowing transgender athletes to compete. There is valid evidence from each side of the argument but to come to a decision I side with the argument that transgender athletes should not be allowed to participate in the Olympics. I think that even with hormone therapy the athletes still are not able to change their genetics and will still have the differences in their muscle fibers especially since there are studies have identified over 3,000 genes that are differentially expressed in male and female skeletal muscle (Haizlip). With the help of this evidence from the American Psychological Society I have reached the belief that the athletes have such different muscle composition and this could lead to the transgender athletes advantage. I have reached the decision with biology not only from a moral standpoint. The argument that there are always advantages in sports and someone being transgender may have advantages is not so valid. Though the athletes may be like a volleyball player in Hawaii, Tia Thompson, even though she went through the hormone therapy she still has still has unfair advantages over biological women (Jackson-Gibson). This advantage like height could prove to be different and more extreme with other transgender athletes that want to compete in the sports which would be overall unfair in my opinion. I do believe though that there are some advantages in sports, but I do not believe that they are as extreme as the ones that could be faced with transgenders competing. My opinion on this topic is not in full support of one side of the argument, if more research were to be done into this topic by a professional who perhaps has the equipment and funding to look at the differences between men and women and documented their findings, and they found evidence my opinion could be swayed to the opposition. The impact created by the future decision of this topic could lead to an extreme effect. More people feel more comfortable in todays society to come out as transgender and the fate of the athletes who do maybe changed. Which way the decision is made about transgenders competing in the Olympics could determin e whether or not a transgender athlete would go to the Olympics to compete, earn a medal or possibly a record for their country, and if they make their mark on history.

Essay about Scenes in Shakespeares Hamlet - 653 Words

When one reflects on the questions they are asked in life, one of the most thought provoking questions is â€Å"what is your favorite movie?† Though a trivial question, one constantly finds oneself baffled trying to think of a movie in which they can truly say is their favorite. Once one comes up with an answer to this question, the preceding question is â€Å"why?† What is it that truly makes a movie great? One can argue the characters, or the story line that makes the movie great. But ultimately it is the memorable scenes in which make the movie ones favorite. It is the scenes that truly stand out above the other components of a movie or play. For this reason, numerous writers emphasize one or two scenes in which stand out from all the rest. This†¦show more content†¦Shakespeare utilizes the first act as the exposition act. In Hamlet one of the most important scenes occurs in the exposition act; act 1 scene 1. The play opens with Francisco and Bernard on top of a guard platform on the Elsinore castle gossiping about a ghost in which they have seen the past couple of nights. Francisco and Bernard have seen the ghost, while Horatio has not. Therefore Horatio questions the existence of the ghost and tells Francisco and Bernard to â€Å"Tush, tush, ’twill not appear† (Shakespeare 49) Horatio is hesitant to believe that such a ghost exists until the Horatio sees the ghost for the first time. As Horatio sees the ghost for the first time, he is initially frightened by the resemblance of the ghost to the appearance of King Hamlet. The similarity of the appearance makes the guards curious of whom in fact the ghost is. To find out, Marcellus asks Horatio to speak to the ghost. Horatio therefore â€Å"†¦[charges] thee, speak† (Shakespeare 50). However the ghost does not follow Horatio’s command, remains mysteriously silent, and eventually leaves the scene. 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The development of Ophelia’s madness and the many factors that contributed to her suicide are significant parts of the plot. â€Å"Her madness was attributed to the extremity of her emotions, which in such a frail person led to melancholy and eventual breakdown†Read More The Character Horatio in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThe Character Horatio in Shakespeares Hamlet In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the confidant Horatio is created to serve a number of different purposes. Horatio is a flat character. He is a loyal, obedient, and trustworthy companion to Hamlet. His character does not undergo any significant transformation throughout the play, except that he serves as a witness of the death of Hamlet, Claudius, and Gertrude. Horatios role in the play seems to be as a utilitarian character that Shakespeare

Economic Growth Free Essays

Case #9 1. Is it proper to multiply the average order size, $42. 33, by the number of addresses (1,300,000) in the target mailing? a. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Growth or any similar topic only for you Order Now No, there is far too much variability in responses, including a massive outlier, to have any confidence in this average. The response rate is very low, one would be concerned as to why the rate of response was only 9. 2%. The question would therefore be whether the remaining 90. 8% will follow the same pattern or will they buy anything at all. There is also the question of whether the sampling frame is representative of the population in this case the target mailing list. . Is it better, as suggested, to multiply the endpoints of the confidence interval by the target mailing size? a. No, it doesn’t show how the data is spread within the range, from the minimum to the maximum. Instead it only provides the two extremes. Even if the endpoints were within say a 95% Confidence Interval from the mean, the mere fact that we are using the target mailing population makes it improper as the sample mean does not seem to be representative of the population mean. 3. Would it be better to multiply by the size of the frame used to select the random sample? . It’s better but, there was not enough of a response to multiply against the entire 600,000 frame. Of that frame, less than a thousandth of a percent responded. 600 samples would have been a better number, unfortunately, the amount of response was less than 10% of the mailings, resulting in an even more miniscule amount of information to represent a large population. In the end, the response is simply not enough to ascertain any real information. 4. Should anything else trouble you about this situation? a. The survey forces far too many assumptions on the analysts. There was a very low response rate for the questionnaire, causing the sample to be far too low. As for those who replied with an affirmative answer, the numbers are far to varied to make any real conclusions. There are no insights as to whether the numbers placed represent the buyer’s wealth, intent to buy, or if it’s simply a number placed in jest. If there was a higher response rate, the mean could be trusted. The targeted mailing market is not well defined. It is unclear whether the 1. 3 million targeted addresses are wealthy, poor, or a mixture of both. It is also unclear as to whether these are new targets or if the 600,000 addresses used to choose the random sample are included. 5. What is your best estimate, with confidence limits, for potential catalog sales? a. We are 95% confident after removing the outlier of $228. 26 that sales will fall between $11. 57 and $42. 10. This is because the removal of the outlier vastly affected x? . The mean was reduced from $42. 33 to $26. 83, while the standard deviation went from $60. 41 to $24. 02, a difference of $36. 39. How to cite Economic Growth, Papers

Hitler and the Destruction of Art Essay Example For Students

Hitler and the Destruction of Art Essay In the movie The Rape of Europa, the first scene started off with a 1922 Picasso painting in an auction, which ended up being sold for a little over six million dollars. In one of the first auctions this painting was in, it sold for only $1,800. This auction was part of a campaign to rid Germany’s artwork that Nazis condemned. I believe this scene was shown to show how Hitler perjured art that he hated, and how he didn’t think twice about anyone/anything else but himself. The author of this movie promoted how hard people worked to keep artwork safe during the war and didn’t give up on the restoration of everything at the end of the war. Nazis weren’t just the biggest mass murderers of history; they were also the greatest thieves. They stole paintings, sculptures, furniture, religious objects, and more. The war destroyed much architecture as well. When the bombs in Florence were being dropped though, they missed all of the exquisite monuments there. Lost art is still being found, battle damage is still being repaired, and stolen masterpieces are still being disputed in many other places. Hitler said, â€Å"We will from now on lead an unrelenting war of purification, an unrelenting war of extermination against the last forces which have displaced our art. My Grandma grew up in Rome, Italy while this was all going on. When Hitler came to Rome to look at the artwork there, she was young, but remembers everything occurring. I visit Italy not too long ago, and I went to many museums and saw so much beautiful artwork. If I grew up while all of this was taking place, I would contribute to the restoration of everything, especially if I lived in one of the places where many things were taken/destroyed. I can’t imagine being the artist of this artwork and having Hitler just auction it away for either very little or nothing. I believe that this was very wrong and heartless. The quote Hitler stated in the beginning of this paragraph made him start auctions in the best German museums. Artists such as Matisse, Van Gogh, and Picasso had their art auctioned away. Hitler then created The House of German Art, in Munich, Germany. It was a museum for new factious art. Even in Poland, the Altarpiece of Veit Stoss was hidden in the country sides, so that the Nazis wouldn’t find it, but of course eventually it was tracked down and it was shipped to Berlin. At the end of the war, the restoration of the frescos began. Many people contributed to this because of how much they were hurt after everything happened and everyone wanted everything fixed so badly. If I could have helped bring back artwork like the artwork I saw in Italy, I would do it in a heartbeat. And now I understand why people were so willing to work towards the restoration of everything. Seeing things from the authors perspective changed my viewpoint on this class. Every work of art has a story to tell. Thousands of artwork is still unaccounted for, but more are sure to resurface in years to come.

Sab Miller Essay Example

Sab Miller Essay Background of SABMiller: * Founded in 1895 in South Africa as South African Breweries (SAB) * 1948-1994: bad effects from â€Å"apartheid† regime. The investments from and to South Africa were restricted. So SAB had to focus on dominating domestic market through acquisition of competitors and increasing the efficiency of production and distribution facilities. * By 1979, SAB hold 99% market share in South Africa and play the leading role in other markets in the region. * 1978 SAB acquired Sun City casino resort * In 1990s, SAB focus on expanding throughout Africa region. The changing in South Africa political system (the establishment of multiracial democracy in S. A. ) made the progress easier * By 2000, SAB dominated the southern Africa, competition is lesser, but no room for expansion * In 1993, SAB acquired Dreher, Hungary’s largest brewery. This was the company first acquisition outside Africa. * In 1990s, SAB continued to expand to under-developed markets. In 1994, SAB formed a joint venture in China, China Resources Snow Breweries, and added China’s biggest beer brand, Snow, to its portfolio. After that were some acquisitions in Eastern Europe (Lech, Tyskie†¦) * By 2001, by focusing on emerging markets, SAB became the world’s fifth largest brewer by volume, with breweries in 24 countries across the globe. * In 1999, SAB listed on London Stock Exchange (LSE) * In 2002, SAB acquired a major brand in developed market: Miller Brewing Company, the 2nd largest in US. SAB then became SABMiller, the 2nd largest brewery by volume in the world. * In the first year operating SABMiller operating Miller, its US market share dropped from 19. 6% to 18. 7%. Miller’s product portfolio would be rationalization from 50 brands to 11 or 12. In 2003, the company made its first significant acquisition in Western Europe when it acquired Italy’s BirraPeroni. * In 2005, SABMiller merged with GrupoEmpresarial Bavaria, the 2nd largest brewer in South America. Latin America became the 2nd largest source of profits after South Africa. Anglo-South African brewing giant SABMill er is the worlds second-largest brewing company in terms of both market capitalisation and group revenues, behind US-Belgian giant Anheuser-Busch InBev. The company has a huge global footprint; it is present in: Latin America, Africa, Europe, Asia and North America via its MillerCoors joint venture. We will write a custom essay sample on Sab Miller specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sab Miller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sab Miller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The brewer has four global brands Grolsch, Miller Genuine Draft, Peroni and Pilsner Urquell in addition to a massive 192 regional brands. SWOT Analysis Strengths A diverse geographic footprint provides protection from demand downturns in specific regions/markets Massive emerging market exposure means the firm has access to underdeveloped, high-growth markets A vast range of local and international brands means that the company has multiple pricing points and can target consumers within different income ranges First mover advantage, and significant dominance in many operating markets gives the firm significant pricing power Weaknesses While Asia contributes significantly to volumes, it does not to revenues or earnings meaning that the firm is not fully exploiting the potential of the Asian consumer A reliance on EMs, while good for growth, is not supportive of sales growth among higher-end, premium brands Opportunities The company has a massive footprint in underdeveloped African beer markets and will enjoy first mover advantage there as the consumer story in the region develops Large scale Mamp;A would enable SABMiller to boost revenues and consolidate its position as one of the global brewing behemoths Even as emerging beer markets mature, premiumisation as value sales growth takes over from volume will emerge as another growth stimulant for the company Threats Competition in EMs could undermine SABMillers dominance and certainly its pricing power in markets in which it was formerly dominant Government legislation, triggered by health concerns, or excise-raising initiatives, could undermine demand and impede growth For the lowest-income groups in EMs, formal alcoholic drinks channels remain discretionary and demand is thus severely negatively impacted by periods of economic weakness Strategy Difficult to believe in an industry that has consolidated so rapidly over the last five years to the point where the worlds top five brewers control an estimated 50% of the global market, but another potentially final round of beer industry consolidation could be on its way. In spite of denials from the takeover targets themselves, over the last few months rumours have linked Turkish giant Efes, African major Castel Group and Australias Fosters Group with possible sales. SABMiller, as it seeks to keep pace with global market leader Anheuser-Busch InBev and to retain the robust revenue, volume and earnings growth momentum it had enjoyed up until late 2008s global downturn, is likely to be at the forefront of this potential consolidation bout. However, competition for what is an ever-depleting pool of attractive takeover targets in the beer industry is likely to be intense and SABMiller will need to balance its mergers and acquisitions efforts with an ongoing organic push into emerging and frontier markets if it is to retain its dominant position and investor popularity. Emerging Markets Strategy Dominating In Terms Of EM ExposureAlcoholic Drink Players Emerging Market Sales Index (last financial year) NB BMI estimate based on geographic reporting and company statements. Source: Investor Relations | In BMIs new Alcohol EMSI (Emerging Markets Sales Index), SABMiller is head and shoulders above its peers in terms of EM exposure. The company has a huge and diverse EM footprint and interestingly also very substantial frontier market exposure. Arguably SABMiller would give most fast-moving-consumer-goods companies a run for their money in terms of how fast and successfully it has moved into EMs and this has enabled the company to ride the sensational EM demand story that has played out over the last 10 years or more. Of course, with EMs to remain growth outperformers, this geographic footprint continues to represent a massive opportunity for SABMiller. Significant also is the divergence between SABMillers regional sales breakdown in terms of revenues and in terms of volumes. SABMillers early forays into high-growth EMs mean that it has penetrated markets with low existing per capita beer consumption rates. This has been a major driver of volume sales growth in recent years. However, even as consumption reaches more typical levels, these markets will continue to represent major growth opportunities as economy beer drinkers trade up to mass-market products and mass-market drinkers trade up to premium beers. This should place significant momentum behind SABMillers revenue and earnings growth in the years to come. Pricing Strategy A Mixed BagSABMiller FY10 Volumes and Revenues by Region (%) NB Financial year ending March. Source: SABMiller Investor Relations | Nonetheless, there are barriers to realising these potential gains. SABMiller has enjoyed first mover advantage in many of the EMs in which it operates it is one of the only brewers with substantial exposure to Africa for example. Its early forays mean that it has enjoyed a considerable degree of pricing power in these markets which has been earnings supportive. However, as EMs crowd and global rivals expand in an attempt to re-weight their global portfolios, SABMiller is finding this pricing power if not its leading position under threat. This is already evident in South Africa. SABMiller controls some 90% of the local market and yet the local Heineken and Diageo joint venture has steadily managed to grow its share of the premium market at a time when interest in premium brands is building. Sustained expansion into EMs even allowing for the fact that entry and expansion opportunities are increasingly hard to come by will be vital in enabling SABMiller to offset this renewed competition. It demonstrated its commitment to this strategy when it acquired Argentine brewer Casa Isenbeck in late November 2010. The acquisition leaves SABMiller a distant third in volume terms in Argentina and yet this could represent an important platform from which to continue expanding in Latin America and a vital tool in retaining its strong regional position. A flexible, nuanced pricing structure will also be a vital tool in enabling SABMiller to ward of EM competition. The company did manage to successfully pass on some price increases to its consumers in a number of its key markets in line with economic improvements in these markets. However, it has matched this with a focus on low-cost beer in some of its more fledgling markets, particularly in Africa, which has been volume supportive. The massive breadth of the companys brand portfolio has and will remain instrumental here it has the ability to tailor its product offering very specifically to the needs of its target market; furthermore, it still retains the necessary degree of pricing power to successfully pass on some price increases. Mamp;A Strategy Despite having been an early frontrunner in terms of Mamp;A (most notable being its acquisition of Miller Brewing for US$5. bn back in 2002 and the US$7. 8bn purchase of Colombias Bavaria in 2005), SABMiller has been quieter in terms of Mamp;A in recent years. Massive demand growth in EMs means it has managed to keep pace with its peers in terms of revenue growth, while its EM footprint means it has also remained an investor favourite. While Anheuser-Busch merged with InBev and Carlsberg and Heineken acquired and then divvied up the assets of Scottish amp; Newcastle, SABMiller has been more focused on its organic growth strategy. We do expect this to change though and we expect SABMiller to go for either Castel Group or the beer assets of Fosters Group in the near future. Both are a good fit. Taking over Castel (or more specifically Brasseries amp;GlaceriesInternationales (BGI), Castels African beer business) would certainly strengthen SABMillers pan-African competitiveness, turning it into a truly dominant African player and making it very hard for any latecomer to the market to gain traction. BGI is very well positioned in Angola, Cameroon and the Maghreb region. If SABMiller were to close the deal, it would then be present in 36 of the 53 African countries. Then there is Fosters. Taking over Fosters would turn SABMiller into the market leader in a high-margin, high-consumption country, dramatically inflating the firms revenue outlook. Yes this would be at odds with an historic focus on EMs, but BMI has repeatedly stressed that a balanced portfolio, combining high-spending but lower-growth markets and high-growth but low immediate return markets represents the best chance of short, medium and long term success. With both a good fit, necessity could also be a factor in SABMillers motivation. AB InBev continues to pare down the substantial debts it incurred during its merger and were it to re-embark on the acquisition trail as its sustained circling of GrupoModelo suggests it will SABMiller could suddenly find itself a long way back and with few remaining assets up for grabs via which to catch up. Conclusion | We expect SABMiller to continue to drive growth throw three key mechanisms: * Continued push into EMs, primarily organic although snapping up smaller assets where available * Tailored differential pricing strategy, price increases where they can be pushed through, but economy push in lower-income markets * A return to large-scale Mamp;A via either Castel Group or Fosters beer assets Increased competition and the threat of SABMiller losing some of its, until now, massive pricing power remains a risk to the company. Price increases too could become problematic should demand weakness return in some of the markets in which SABMiller has to date successfully implemented hikes (although note that a hugely diverse portfolio does give the firm protection from this to some degree). A final risk we would note is the impact that excise rate hikes have had and will continue to have on beer demand in a number of SABMillers key operating markets this has already been witnessed in Russia and Colombia, while regulatory challenges have also taken their toll in India.

Miss. America Pagants essays

Miss. America Pagants essays Forty million in available scholarship money, who would not enjoy that? Every year more than forty million is given out in scholarship money to the Miss America pageant winners (Bivans). Miss America pageants are a great way for young beautiful women to earn college money, it is not based on body, beauty and how well a contestant can work it, it is about the brains of the contestant. The great thing is that if a women has not been competing since she was a child, she is still able to apply. The only requirement is that she must win her local and then win her state title (The). Many people do not know about the details of the Miss America Organization and the Miss America pageant. The Miss America concept was thought up in 1920, by a Atlantic City businessman. He staged a Fall Frolic in order to attract tourists to the seasonal resort beyond the traditional end of the summer, Labor Day. It was such a success, that he later created a two day event which included Bathers Revue. Which then produced Margaret Gorman, our first Miss America in 1921 (The). Another crazy fact is that since 1989, the Miss America Organization has had the platform concept. It requires each contestant to choose an issue about which she cares deeply and that is of relevance to our country. Once chosen, Miss America and the state titleholders use their stature to address community service organizations, business and civic leaders, the media and others about their platform issue (Bivans). Some of the past issues were homelessness, HIV/AIDS prevention, domestic violence, diabe tes awareness, sexual assault (Former), character education and literacy (The). Every woman that is a United States citizen is completely able to become a Miss. America contestant. With a few other requirements such as, the woman must be between the ages of 17 and 24 years old and must be in reasonable health to meet the job requirements (The)...

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Human Resource Plan - Essay Example The shares of the company are traded in the New York stock exchange, and that of Hong Kong. These shares are also traded in London, and Shanghai. Sinopec Group is believed to be the fifth largest company in the world, and this is in relation to the revenues the company manages to get (Wu, 26). In a survey conducted in 2007 by Forbes magazine, Sinopec Group was ranked as the best company in China. This is when the company was compared with some 500 companies operating in China. This company is also the largest oil refiner in the continent of Asia, and for purposes of improving its refinery capabilities; Sinopec acquired Shengli Petroleum in 2006 (Wu, 27). This company had oil filed as its main asset. This was beneficial to Sinopec because it could get some sources of crude oil for refinery purposes. The products and services of Sinopec includes gas and oil exploration, marketing, refinery, sales and production of petrochemical products, chemical fertilizers and fibers. Other services include transportation and storage of crude oil, petrochemicals, refined oil products, and other petro-related chemical products (Wu, 29). Sinopec Company is a very large organization, and on this basis, it needs an elaborate human resource plan. This human resource plan can guide the company into recruiting the best human resource personnel for the various positions it has to offer (Herholdt, 19). It is important to denote that without a human resource plan, chances are high that the organization will not be able to meet its objectives and mission. This is because chances are high that the organization may recruit human resource personnel who are not skillful enough for the various positions that are offered by the organization (Kanbur, 27). On this note, the objective of the human resource plan is to guide the management on how to recruit talented and highly qualified personnel for the various positions it has. To provide a

Evolution Of The Principle Of Comparative Advantage Economics Essay

Evolution Of The Principle Of Comparative Advantage Economics Essay From the early 19th century, new outlooks on trade theory have influenced how countries have engaged in production. One of the most significant developments in this area was that of comparative advantage. Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a country to produce one good at a lower opportunity cost than another. Comparative Advantage argues that all countries will gain from trade, even those that are relatively inefficient in the production of goods. All countries will gain, even those with an absolute disadvantage in the production of all goods, as opposed to with Absolute Advantage, which refers to the ability of a country to produce one good at a lower opportunity cost than another. In this essay, I intend to discuss how the theory of comparative advantage has come into being, from its inception in the early 1800s, through the neo classical period and into the modern era. This discussion will look at the variations on the theory proposed by some of the leading economists in the field of international trade, and how they viewed and expanded upon the original law of comparative advantage. In looking at how the law has developed over the past two centuries, my aim is to show the principles uses in describing how international trade is conducted to this day. In the latter sections of the essay, I will refer to empirical evidence that tests if comparative advantage predicts accurately patterns of international trade. Comparative Advantage Adam Smith illustrated an early understanding of the benefits that could be gained by focusing on the production of goods that the population was most efficient at producing: If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of them with some part of the produce of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage (Smith,1776,295). This idea demonstrated Smiths understanding of the concept of absolute advantage, whereby gain is realised in exchange between two men who are superior in the production of one good. The principle of comparative advantage was first presented in the work of Robert Torrens in his 1815 Essay on the External Corn Trade, where Torrens discussed Absolute Advantage in substantial detail and explained how it was beneficial for a country to engage in trade for a commodity even if the host country could produce the same good at a lower actual cost than the country it was trading with. However, it is David Ricardo who is widely credited with the first complete formulation of the theory of comparative advantage in 1817. Ricardo recognised that absolute advantage was only a limited version of a more general theory. His early understanding of the theory of comparative advantage is displayed in the quote: Two men can both make shoes and hats, and one is superior to the other in both employments; but in making hats he can only exceed his competitor by one-fifth or 20 per cent; and in making shoes he can excel him by one-third or 33 per cent: will it not be in the interest of both that the superior man should employ himself exclusively in making shoes, and the inferior man in making hats? (Ricardo,1817, p136). The assumptions in his reasoning can be seen in Kemp Okawas review of the formulation of comparative advantage, where they set out a model in which both countries are initially autarkical, then subsequently open up to a free trade environment, that all countries have at their disposal the potential to produce all possible commodities, and that in a state each country involved is able to consume all of these commodities. (2006,468). John Aldrich was recorded as saying, Torrens, Ricardo and Mill all made contributions to the discovery of comparative advantage, not by a major multiple discovery but through a sequence of insights and arguments (Aldrich, 2004, 379). James Mill studied and subsequently ratified Ricardos view on the existence and viability of comparative advantage in 1821 when he said When two men have more than they need, it will be a great accommodation to both if they can perform an exchange of a part of the food of the one for a part of the cloth of the other, and so in other cases (1821,63). In his treatment of the principle, he provided one of the clearest explanations and examinations of the workings of comparative advantage, rectifying much of the ambiguity of Ricardos exposition. His work enhanced the status of the principle of comparative advantage in economic circles by illustrating its viability through the use of numerous numerical examples. John Stuart Mill, son of James Mill, studied and subsequently made refinements to the theorem introduced by his father. Through his work, comparative advantage gained more universal acceptance as an explanation of the benefits of trade in the mid 19th century. He was responsible for the rational reconstruction of Ricardo in which the labour cost coefficients were interpreted as the amounts used in each unit of a good produced rather than Ricardos labour cost of producing the amounts contained in a typical trading bundle'(Ruffin,2002,727-748). Some of Mills most prominent work in the field of comparative advantage can be seen in his 1844 Theory of international values which aided the economic community to come to a fuller understanding and appreciation of the centrality of comparative cost in trade theory (Gomes,2003). In 1930, Gottfried Haberler of the neo-classical school of economics provided a modern interpretation of the theory of comparative advantage which generalised and separated it from David Ricardos labour theory of value, helping to form the foundations of modern trade theory. Haberler believed that it was possible to reformulate the theory in such a way that its analytical value and all conclusions drawn from it are preserved, rendering it at the same time entirely independent of the labor theory of value (Bernhofen,2005,998). His work indicated that comparative advantage is about resource allocation, and adapted it into a more general principle that accommodated non-linear production frontiers. Kemp and Okawa state that Haberler indicated that the relative opportunity costs of producing determines both the direction of free international trade and the manner in which gains from this trade are shared by trading partners (2006,1). The next significant progression in the development of the theory was through the work of two Swedish economists Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. Their theory examined the reasons behind the differences in comparative costs. The Heckscher-Ohlin model introduced new ideas which differed from the classical approach. Factors of production are taken into account for the first time, of which the two primary ones were labour and land (Eicher, Mutti Turnovsky,2009,68). The theory explains how countries of similar technological levels can trade, how trade affects the distribution of wealth in the economy and how growth in an economy affects trade. Their model was based on two assumptions. Firstly; that countries would no longer differ in terms of technology, but rather by their endowment of factors of production. This meant that countries would be concerned with relative differences in labour and capital abundances compared to their trading partner. The second assumption was that goods differ by the factors of production they require. They explained that the more abundant a factor of production was, the greater the likelihood that it would be cheaper to produce their specialised goods and hence, the opportunity cost of producing goods which were reliant on this factor would be lower in other words, that the source of comparative advantage resided in the factor endowments of a country (Viner,1937). This implies that countries would have a comparative advantage in producing goods that their abundant factor of production. For example, countries with an abundant supply of labour would reap the greatest benefits by focusing their specialism on labour intensive products. The benefits of the H-O theory compared to the theory of comparative advantage were that: it offered; a better means of explaining observed trade patterns, the ability to develop implications about how trade affects wages and returns on capital, it shows the economic growth on trade and it offers a more thorough explanation of political groups on trade. A further development of H-O theory was the Stolper-Samuelson theorem which shows that the owners of scarce/abundant factors are disadvantaged/benefited when an economy opens up for trade and specializes in the production of the good that is intensive in its use of the abundant factor a discovery that was beneficial in the understanding of the politics behind free trade and protectionism. The theory states that during increase in the price of an abundant factor and the fall in the price of the scarce factor, and that the owners of the abundant factor will find their incomes rise the owners of the scarce resource will see their real incomes fall. Rogoff states that their paper was the first to demonstrate the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem in a two good, two country, two factor (labour and capital) model. The H-O theorem shows that with identical technologies at home and abroad, the country with the larger endowment of labour relative to capital should export the labour intensive good. This advancement of the theory aided the thinking about trade between countries with widely different capital-labour ratios. (Rogoff,2005,8). Chipman and Inoue state that for their theory, the following assumptions are made: 1. All trade takes place in a free trade environment, with no transport costs attached. 2. The factors of production, labour and capital, are freely mobile between industries within countries, while at the same time being immobile between countries. 3. The production functions neoclassical and constant over time. 4. The endowment of labour in each country is constant over the two periods (2001,2). Contemporary research by economists such as Helpman Krugman (1985) adapts traditional comparative advantage theory by relaxing some of the assumptions that underlie the contemporary specification of the principle, such as economy of scales and product differentiation. Nowadays, the comparative advantage theory can be further developed by including new aspects, such as specialization, technological differences and aspects of game theory (Tian, 2008). Comparative advantage may appear to be somewhat paradoxical, in the sense that it states that, under a certain set of conditions, a country should produce and export a good that its workforce is not particularly skilled at producing when compared directly to the workforce of another country. However, it holds true when it is explained that when two countries who each hold a comparative advantage in a particular good engage in trade with one another, trade between these nations raises both of their real incomes, on the condition that there is a relative gap between the costs of the same types of products in production by the countries engaging in trade. Ricardos model shows that, if a country wants to maximise gain, it must strive to fully employ all of its resources. It should then allocate its resources to each these resources to its comparative advantage industries, and subsequently, it should aim to operate in a free trade environment, which will benefit all trading partners invol ved. It can be seen how comparative advantage is still a useful and important concept in explaining international trade. Jones and Neary conferred their opinion on the ongoing validity of the theory: While the principle of comparative advantage may thus be defended as a basic explanation of trade patterns, it is not a primitive explanation, since it assumes rather than explains inter-country differences in autarkic relative prices (Reinert, Rajan Glass,2009,199). Revealed comparative advantage is an index devised by Bella Balassa used to calculate the relative advantage or disadvantage a country may have in a specific class or category of goods or services. This advantage can be assessed through analysing trade flows. The index attempts to uncover a revealed comparative advantage by assessing the countrys specialism in exports in relation to others. It is a highly useful means of assessing how useful Comparative advantage is in explaining contemporary trade patterns. A large number of empirical tests of comparative advantage have been undertaken to test the theory of comparative advantage. MacDougall tested the hypothesis that the export ratios of two countries to a third market were a function of labour productivity ratios of the two countries in question. The results were supportive of the Ricardian model, and his work demonstrated that trade between the United States and the United Kingdom in 1937 followed Ricardos prediction. CONCLUSION Throughout this essay, it can be seen how the ideas forged in the original theory of comparative advantage have eminently formed a large part of the basis for understanding how international trade is conducted today. Since its advent, attaining a comparative advantage has been heavily reliant on recognising and exploiting the natural resources and competencies that are present within a country. Even to this day, countries specialise their economies depending on the factors of production that enable them to produce most efficiently, all the while recognising that holding a comparative advantage is a cornerstone of effective trade practices. In the modern era and most likely in the coming years, comparative advantage is likely to continue to become an increasingly more man made factor, with the utilisation of new technologies resulting in the likelihood of significantly increasing production efficiency, and thus affecting the areas on which a country holds an absolute and comparative advantage. Although the original theory of comparative advantage may not subscribe to the current economic environment, it is still a relevant means of determining the most beneficial trading strategy for a countrys economy. Adaptations to the theory since its inception have facilitated the continued utilisation of the idea in the current climate. According to Gale, the changes that have taken place over time are a product of globalisation, for example, new trade barriers and changes in agricultural policy have caused a decrease in some countries manufacturing prowess and has resulted in a subsequent reduction in its comparative advantage (2002,27). The current trend of globalization means that the assumptions associated with comparative advantage are becoming increasingly more difficult to apply.  Ã‚  Despite this, it is still a relevant means of describing international trade patterns today and the ways in which a country can best exploit its natural endowment of resources. To reinforce this point, Paul Samuelson has stated that comparative advantage is the only law of economics which can stand comparison with the laws generated by hard sciences. Modern conditions may cloud our law but, suitably qualified, it still holds (Gray,2000,316). Through my research into the growth of comparative advantage from its inception, I believe that the concept still aptly demonstrates the fundamental importance of the effects, determinants and nature of international trade. Bibliography Aldrich J, Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Volume 26, Number 3, September 2004 (pg 396) (26, 3, 379-399) Bernhofen, Daniel M. (2005), Gottfried Haberlers 1930 Reformulation of Comparative Advantage in Retrospect,   Review of International Economics; Nov2005, Vol. 13 Issue 5, p997-1000, 4p Calhoun, Craig and Gerteis, Joseph (2007) Classical Sociological Theory, Blackwell Publishing Chipman, John S and Inoue, Tadashi (2001), Intertemporal Comparative Advantage, I *(pg. 2) http://www.econ.umn.edu/~jchipman/econ8402f05/INTERTMP.PDF Eicher, Theo S., Mutti John H. and Turnovsky Michelle H (2009), International Economics, Routledge; 1 edition, (pg. 68) Faulkner, David and Segal-Horn, Susan (2004), The economics of international comparative advantage in the modern world, European Business Journal; 2004 1st Quarter, Vol. 16 Issue 1, p20-31, 12p. Gale, Fred (2002) Chinas Food and Agriculture: Issues for the 21st Century / AIB-775, Economic Research Service/USDA (pg27) Gomes, Leonard (2003), The economics and ideology of free trade: a historical review, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd Gray, H (2000) A Review of Maneschi, Andrea, Comparative Advantage in International Trade: A Historical Perspective, International Trade Journal; Fall2000, Vol. 14 Issue 3, p315-320, 6p Kemp, Murray C., and Okawa Masayuki (2006), The Torrens-Ricardo principal of Comparative Advantage: An Extension Review of International Economics, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 466-477, August 2006 Maneschi, Andrea (1998) Comparative advantage in international trade: a historical perspective (pg52) Mill, James (1821), Elements of Political Economy, London: Henry G. Bohn   chapter III, pg63 Reinert, Kenneth A., Rajan, Ramkishen S. and Glass, Amy Jocelyn (2009), The Princeton encyclopedia of the world economy, Vol 2, Princeton University Press Rogoff, Kenneth (2005), Paul Samuelsons Contributions to International Economics Harvard University, pg 8 http://www.economics.harvard.edu/files/faculty/51_Samuelson.pdf Ruffin, Roy J. (2002) History of Political Economy; Winter2002, Vol. 34 Issue 4, p727-748, 22p Smith Adam (1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Hackett Publishing Company Inc. Book IV, Chapter III (IV.3.33) The evolution of the comparative advantage argument for free trade. http://www.econ.ku.dk/kgp/doc/Lectfrms/evolution%20of%20comparative%20advantage.pdf Tian, Yiqian (2008), A New Idea about Ricardos Comparative Advantage Theory on Condition of Multi-Commodity and Multi-Country International Journal of Business and Management Vol.3, No. 12, December 2008 Viner, Jacob (1937), Studies in the Theory of International Trade, New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, Chapter VIII Introduction In the course of this essay, I intend to outline the development of the principle of the quantity theory of money, from its initial inception in the 16th century right up to the current outlook on the theory in the 21st century. Subsequently I hope to outline the theorys importance as a catalyst for the development of monetarism in the 20th century, and outline how monetarism has progressed since that point in time. The quantity theory of money provides a means of answering the question what gives money value? We know that intrinsically, a bank note is a valueless piece of paper and ink, and that its perceived value stems from the quantity of it in supply. Due to the value of money being variable, a change in money demand or supply will yield a change in the value of money and in the price level. The more money that is in circulation means that each individual bill becomes worth less. This will result in it taking more bills to purchase goods and services, and as a result, price level will increase accordingly. The quantity theory of money states that the value of money is based on the amount of money in the economy that the nominal money supply is a function of the equivalent changes in price levels as it relates to the demand for money necessary to meet the needs of current transactions. For example, in Ireland, according to the theory, when the central bank increases the money supply, the value of money falls and the price level increases. Main body The theory states that a one-time change in the stock of money has no lasting effect on real variables but will lead to a proportionate change in the money price of good. In other words, it declares that moneys value or purchasing power varies inversely with its quantity. To this day, there exists prevalent academic discussion as to who developed the theory. The first possible statement of the quantity theory of money originated in the work of Nicholaus Copernicus In 1526, when Copernicus wrote a study on the value of money, Monetae cudendae ratio, in which he noted the increase in prices following the import of gold and silver from the new world. He expressed the findings of his studies into the value of money, and in this work, he formulated a version of the quantity theory of money. Copernicus observed that the value of money would fall if it was issued to excessive quantities, to the point where it was almost valueless. Volckart notes that Money can lose its value through excessive abundance, if so much silver is coined as to heighten peoples demand for silver bullion. For in this way, the coinages estimation vanishes when it cannot buy as much silver as the money itself contains. The solution is to mint no more coinage until it recovers its par value (1997,433). Jean Bodin took a different stance in the middle of the sixteenth century. In 1568, he drew attention to the influx of gold and silver into Spain, and consequently the rest of Europe, from the Americas. He argued that the price level had risen along with the stock of bullion available for monetary purposes and was able to draw a conclusion about the link between these events. John Locke accepted this idea and stated the Quantity Theory of Money as a general rule, that if the supply of money increased, the prices of all goods will rise. If money supply fell and the prices of goods fell, than the prices of foreign goods would rise relative to domestic goods both of which will keep us poor (Locke, 1692). The first concise statement about the existence of a quantity theory was that made by David Hume in 1752. His theory stated that the general level of prices depended upon the quantity of money currently in circulation. Where coin is in greater plenty; as a greater quantity of it is required to represent the same quantity of goods; it can have no effect, either good or bad that great plenty of money is rather disadvantageous, by raising the price of every kind of labour. (Hume, 1752, Pg 15) He also outlined the relationship between supply of money and prices All augmentation (of gold and silver) has no other effect than to heighten the price of labour and commodities; and even this variation is little more than that of a name (Hume, 1752, 296-7). Alfred Marshalls version of the quantity theory was an attempt to give microeconomic underpinnings to the macroeconomic theory that prices and the quantity of money varied directly. He did this by elaborating a theory of household and firm behaviour and integrating it with the macroeconomic question with the macroeconomic question of the general level of prices to explain the demand for money. Marshall reasoned that households and firms would desire to hold in cash balances a fraction of their money income In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, two versions of the theory competed. One advanced by the American economist Irving Fisher, treated the theory as a complete and self-contained explanation of price level. The other, propounded by the Swedish economist Knut Wicksell, saw it as part of a broader model in which the difference between market and natural rates of interest jointly determine bank money and price level changes. Fisher, in particular spent considerable effort in discussing the temporary effects during the period of transition separately from the permanent or ultimate effects (which) follow after a new equilibrium is established if, indeed, such a condition as equilibrium may be said ever to be established (Fisher,1911,p55-6). In this statement, he finds that the quantity theory will not hold true strictly during transition periods. His work was a forerunner in what would later become known as monetarism. He attempted to take the classical schools equation of exchange and convert it into a general theory of price and price level. The contrasts between the two approaches were striking. Fishers version was consistently quantity theoretic throughout and focused on the classical propositions of neutrality, money-to-price causality, and independence of money supply and demand. By contrast, Wicksells version contained certain elements seemingly at odds with the theory. These elements included a real shock explanation of monetary and price movements, the absence of currency in the hypothetical extreme case of a pure credit economy, and the identity between deposit supply and demand at all price levels in that same pure credit case rendering prices indeterminate. Wicksell tried to develop a theory of money that explained fluctuations in income as well as fluctuations in price levels. He argued that the quantity theory of money failed to explain why the monetary demand for goods exceeds or falls short of the supply of goods in given conditions. The quantify theory fell into disrepute in the 1930s, in part because it seemed at the time that the theory could not explain the Great Depression, and partly because of the publication in 1936 of Keyness theory. Although some economists continued to advocate the quantity theory, many economists became Keynesians and simply viewed the quantity theory as a historical curiosity. Only in the mid and late 1950s did the quantity theory once again emerge as a plausible rival to the Keynesian theory. There were several reasons for the revival. Contrary to the prediction of many Keynesians, upon the conclusion of World War II, the American economy did not revert to the depressed conditions of the 1930s, but instead underwent inflation. Secondly, one of the benefits of the Keynesian revolution had been its demonstration that by manipulating expenditures and taxes, governments can keep the economy close to full employment. In fact, it emerged that there were serious political as well as economic difficulties in actually changing government expenditures and tax rates in this ways, and that Keynesian theory in this area was less useful than it had been thought originally. However the resurgence of the quantity theory should not be attributed merely to impersonal historical events. It is also due to the fact that several influential economists advocated this theory. Don Patinkin of Hebrew University restated the quantity theory in a rigorous way that avoids many of the crudities that infested earlier expositions. Milton Friedman, of the University of Chicago was influential in providing a framework that allowed one to test empirically the proposition that changes in the quantity of money dominate changes in income. Moreover Friedman and Anna Schwartz of the National Bureau of Economic Research argued in a lengthy study that the experience of the Great Depression should be interpreted as confirming the prediction of the quantity theory rather than that of Keynesian theory. Subsequently they showed that in both the United States and Britain, longer run movements in nominal income were highly correlated with movements in the money stock. Despite the resurgence of the Quantity Theory in the 1970s and early 1980s it is still far from universally accepted by economists. Controversies about the theorys validity and applicability still exist, featuring similar questions and themes regarding the Quantity Theory of Money that have arisen since the 18th century. These include the definition of money, the relationship between correlation and causation, and the transmission mechanism. Controversy has continued because of the technical difficulty of sorting out the direction of causation running between money and prices, and because ideological concerns about the viability of market mechanisms are at stake. The first instance of Monetarism stems from the ideas of Irving Fisher. The ideas that produced the quantity theory of money go back to the time of David Hume, and arguably earlier. However, the equation of exchange and the transformation of the quantity theory of money into a tool for making quantitative analyses and predictions of the price level, inflation, and interest rates were due to the contributions of Irving Fisher. The theory provides a theoretical basis for monetarism, and there is empirical evidence to show that the quantity theory does operate. For example, as the Spanish brough gold back from the new world, the money supply increased in their native Spain. In line with the theory, prices rose because there was no corresponding increased in the transactions demand for money which is a function of an increase in output. This initial formulation of monetarism fell short on the question of understanding business cycle fluctuations in employment and output. Due to a flaws and a lack of sophistication of this first form of monetarism, some economists became disillusioned with monetarist analysis. One of these economists, John Maynard Keynes, stated that the quantity-theoretic analysis was of little use expanded on these initial contributions. Many economists agreed with Keyness evaluation of monetarism, most notably Milton Friedman. According to Friedman, there was a belief in the value provided by the quantity theory of money, the quantity theory of money provides the best way of understanding monetary behaviour (1971, 2-3), and that substantial changes in prices and nominal income are almost invariably the result of changes in the nominal supply of money (Friedman, 1968, 434). Following this, came the emergence of the Old Chicago Monetarism of Viner, Simons and Knight. This form of Monetarism emphasised the variability of velocity and its potential correlation with the rate of inflation. In economic policy they blamed monetary forces that caused deflation as the source of depression. According to Viner, in order to remedy economic depression, use of large scale stimulative monetary expansion, large government deficits or policies which encouraged deflation, should be balanced. The exponents of Old Chicago Monetarism did not believe that the velocity of money, in other words the rate at which money is exchanged from one transaction to another, was stable. They also did not believe that control of the money supply was straightforward or that the velocity of money was stable, because inflation lowered and deflation raised the opportunity cost of holding real balances. Classic monetarism emerged from Old Chicago Monetarism. It was described by Friedman in 1953, as well as in the works of Brunner (1968) and Brunner and Meltzer (1972). Classic Monetarism contained elements of institutional reform, analytical thinking and views on the political economy. J. Bradford De Long discusses how classic monetarism contained empirical demonstrations which showed that money demand functions could retain stability under the most extreme hyperinflationary conditions. It contained studies which analysed the limits imposed on stabilization policy by lags of policy instruments and also the belief that the natural rate of unemployment is close to the average rate of unemployment. (2000, 83-94). Political Monetarism argued not that velocity could be made stable if monetary shocks were avoided, but that velocity was in fact already stable. As a result, money stock emerged as a sufficient statistic for forecasting nominal demand. Political Monetarism argued that the central bank controlled shifts in the money supply. As a result, the view was taken that everything that went wrong in the macroeconomy was a direct result of the central bank failing to make the money supply grow at the appropriate rate. Political Monetarism concluded that any policy that does not affect the qu

Essay --

Shane Moreland What is the Gospel? The Gospel is who Jesus was/is, the meaning of his death, and his resurrection. The main idea is to show that God opened up His kingdom and invited us along inside. It details the importance of scripture, the promises, and prayers that point to Jesus sacrifice on the cross. Jesus came down to Earth from heaven even though he did not have to and died for every single person’s sins. The Gospel deepens our Christian faith and life in numerous ways. The Gospel offers instruction on how to live righteously, guides us to who we are destined to be, gives us teaching on how we can share Christ with others, and teaches us to pray and grow our relationship with Christ. In NT Wrights explanation of what is the Gospel, he explains that the world and culture is constantly changing. He is saying in order to understand the truths of the world; we must personally go seek for them. We all have to grow up and be leaders and stop being followers. We don’t know who really wrote the Gospels and don’t even know if they wanted or titled the given name â€Å"Gospels†. NT Wright comments on how in Mark 1:1, it states, â€Å"The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God;.† People assumed just because Mark said that, then Matthew, Luke, John must be Gospels too. The Gospels are at one point defined as the good news about how God did the thing that he had always promised to do. The whole story is a public announcement about something that has happened as a result of which the whole world is a different place and everyone is invited to discover that for themselves and to live within the new world that thereby has been created . That is the good news. You can say it in a hundred different ways, but that is the story that... ...e views us as his wonderful work. We should pray because God calls on us to be faithful and obedient to him. Sometimes we pray to God without even realizing it. There are so many things in this world that connect us to God that we don’t even know about. The spreading of good news is what we do when we share the good that Christ has done for us. It is a personal calling for each person to gladly accept him from an eternity in hell and to show that he cares for us by rescuing us from Satan’s corruptions. In conclusion, the Gospel is who Jesus was, the meaning of his death, and his resurrection. The Gospel deepens our Christian faith and life in many ways. It offers us how to live righteously, guides us to who we are destined to be, and gives us instruction on how we can share Christ with others. Lastly, it instills in us to pray and grow our relationship with Christ.

How effective was Richard III as a king from 1483 †1485? Essay

At first, to associate Richard II with effectiveness seems an odd thing to do. He is a king with one of the shortest reigns in English history. He came to a violent end and his death was not only the end of the Yorkist dynasty, but also an end to the male line of the Plantagenet dynasty that had been on the throne since Henry VI in 1154. Richard III has always been one of the better-known losers of history, with an appalling reputation for excessive ambition and ruthlessness. He was also in the only king to die in battle with the exception of Harold II (Godwinsson) in 1066. On the other hand, there is some evidence of his being an effective monarch. He was an active and hardworking king who wanted to se his ideas firmly established across England. He was also a pious man with a well-used book of hours. He had ability as a soldier and administrator. He also courted popularity by many means. He was dedicated to the promotion of justice, especially for the poor. This was shown in a proclamation issued in Kent following the 1483 rebellion, â€Å"the king’s highness is fully determined to see due administration of justice throughout his realm†¦and to reform, punish and subdue all extortions and oppressions the same.† In addition to the proclamation, Richard also showed his desire to enforce law and order with equality by supplications. This meant access to law was opened up to people who could previously not afford it. Richard’s first act as king was to deliver a strict lecture to his judges in Westminster Hall on the impartial administration of justice for all his subjects. Another way of improving his popularity was to abolish benevolences, which had been greatly resented during Edward IV’s reign. This began to happen when, after his coronation, he went on progress around and made a point of declining benevolences offered to him, stating that he would not practice the extortions of his brother’s reign. The official abolition occurred in 1484. He also established the College of Arms in 1484 and transferred Henry VI’s remains to Windsor, a political gesture, showing that he was respectful towards the dead. Although Richard III had a fairly narrow power base, he did use patronage effectively, especially towards the nobility. This can be shown by his generosity to the duke of Norfolk. His rewards included his duchy, his share of the Mowbray inheritance and the estates of the earl of Oxford. Another nobleman who benefited from Richard’s patronage was the duke of Buckingham, who was amply rewarded for his involvement in Richard’s usurpation, receiving the constableship of England among other things. Richard III showed his courage and his ability to use his powers as king in the speed of his suppression of the 1483 rebellion. The uprising occurred in October in the counties south of the Thames, led by former servants of Edward IV. The duke of Buckingham joined it at a later stage. Large parts of the south were rebelling for over a month, but although the rebellion was serious and threatening, it failed. This was largely due to Richard’s vigilance and effective use of spies. He used the duke of Norfolk to crush the rebels in the South East, and concentrated his own efforts effectively against Buckingham. Due to a combination of Buckingham’s failure to raise support from his tenantry, an exceptional storm that kept him trapped in Wales and his betrayal in Shropshire, Buckingham was brought to Salisbury under Richard’s power and executed in December 1483. In two months the rebellion had been effectively quashed. An important measure of good kingship is the domestic government. Richard continued and developed the Yorkist system of government, including the chamber system begun by his brother, Edward IV. He continued the policy of recovering lapsed feudal dues and improved the Crown’s demesne through forfeiture. He was particularly vigilant in the promotion of law and order as explained previously, establishing the master of requests, John Harrington. He also established the Council of the North to fill the power vacuum he had left under his nephew, the earl of Lincoln. This meant that no one noble was given extreme power, thus limiting opposition to the crown. However, there is an equal amount of evidence suggesting that Richard III was an ineffective king. Although some aspects of his domestic government were strong, as explained in the previous paragraph, his foreign policy was largely unsuccessful. This is shown by the fact that Henry Tudor gained foreign backing to enable him to invade England in 1485. Part of Richard’s failure was due to bad luck. He had inherited a conflict with Scotland and strained relations with the French, as a result of the treaty of Arras in 1482. The situation was worsened after the death of Louis XI because a situation similar to that before Richard’s usurpation had arisen. The French Government did not want noblemen attempting usurpations after being in contact with Richard III, so shut down relations further. By making a truce with Brittany, Richard III suggested the possible renewal of the Triple Alliance and a possible English invasion to the French Government, which increased their hostilit y. Although Richard III continued and developed the chamber system that had proved so effective during Edward IV’s reign, however, his expenditure was greater than his income and he had growing financial problems by 1485. He was frequently accused of wasting the surplus gained in his predecessor’s reign, although Edward’s military expenses, his funeral and Richard’s own coronation, had considerably reduced it. By 1485 it was necessary for him to request loans from his greater subjects, which were largely not granted and deeply resented. There is also another side to the argument concerning the 1483 rebellion. Richard’s speedy reaction to the rebellion meant that a lot of the danger was reduced; however it did continue to have a detrimental effect on his authority and power-base throughout his reign. Many of the rebel leaders had escaped and crossed the channel to join Henry Tudor in Brittany forming a court in exile. This turned Henry Tudor into a more serious threat and lost Richard a great deal of support. The rebellion also signified the failure to project himself as Edward’s natural successor due to the high number of his brother’s servants who rebelled. Therefore he attempted to impose his rule upon the southern subjects by putting members of his northern retinue in positions of power in the South. This only served to increase resentment as the southern gentry felt these positions were rightly theirs. Only one member of the southern gentry fought with Richard III at the battle of Bosworth. Richard failed to swing the opinions of the â€Å"super-magnates† in his favour. These were a few very powerful men scattered around the country whose support really mattered. This can be shown with the earl of Northumberland. Although he was instrumental in Richard’s rise to power he wasn’t given power over the North as he had expected, and was under the control of the Council of the North chaired by the earl of Lincoln who was an outsider to northern affairs. Thomas Lord Stanley was also important by his ability to change sides at the most opportune moment. Due to Richard III’s failure to firmly secure Lord Stanley on his side, Stanley intervened at the battle of Bosworth at a crucial time against Richard and aided in his loss of the battle. Propaganda was another weak area of Richard’s kingship, which is demonstrated by the ineffectiveness of his 1484 act. This was meant to confirm the validity of Richard III’s claim to the throne and act as proclamation against Henry Tudor. This stated the marriage of Elizabeth Woodville and Edward IV was invalid; therefore any children were illegitimate; that the children of Clarence were debarred from the succession by his attainder; condemned the government of Edward IV due to the Woodville influence, described as harmful to English security, immoral and corrupt. Very few of Richard’s subjects believed the content of the proclamation and it did no good to Richard III’s popularity. Although some of the problems during Richard’s reign were doubtless caused by his personal mistakes almost all of them were reinforced by bad luck. For example, the breakdown of relations with France was already begun in Edward’s reign due to the bitterness caused by the terms of the Treaty of Arras. There is another argument that Richard III could never be a truly effective king due to the nature of his rise to power. This idea means that he was not ineffective because of his own personal abilities but his actions in 1483 meant he faced continual opposition from the day he seized power. Despite how historians have attempted to justify Richard’s usurpation, it was unique in the murder of his nephew’s, showing an extreme level of naked aggression, which shocked even the most hardened of hearts. Although all usurpations have a certain aspect of aggression and ambition, Richard alone isolated so many key groups and is essential the only failed, not establishing his dynasty successfully, usurpation in English history. The case against Richard III concerning the princes in the tower is extremely strong. The rumours concerning their death were politically harmful to Richard III and could easily be scotched by producing the Princes. However, Richard failed to ever offer any alternative evidence to their disappearance. His only counter-argument was under the pretext of protecting them, which did not satisfy his subjects. This lack of faith in Richard III led to the emergence of a Tudor-Woodville alliance as an alternative leadership. Many important members of the English gentry joined the Tudor-Woodville alliance, notably Buckingham when he joined the 1483 rebellion. More members of the gentry joined Henry Tudor in Brittany following the rebellion, as Richard did not succeed in executing the leading rebels. This led to the creation of an alternative court in Brittany allowing Henry Tudor to build up his support base and strengthen his position. Many contributing factors led to Richard II’s failure to widen his power-base. Although he had a very large retinue, who he relied on implicitly, it was too narrow a political base to be secure. This was partly due to Richard’s own personality; he was a suspicious man in general, generous to those who earned his trust, but unwilling to let many close to him. However it was also due to the hostility of a large portion of the population towards him. Richard was never popular in the south and many others could not overcome their personal worries about his self-serving ambition. This meant he was entrapped within the narrow base of his northern support. Although I have explained previously in this essay many ways in which Richard III attempted to win popularity, none seemed to work. The methods employed by Richard, when other kings in history had used them did succeed in gaining support, so it was not due to Richard’s own effectiveness or ineffectiveness. Again the opposition towards him appears to have been based on the events of 1483 where his actions were interpreted as desperate, ruthless and hypocritical. It was not only his supposed murder of his nephews that caused resentment, people in the City of London were also against his murder of Lord Hastings during his time as protector, and uproar was only prevented through the use of Richard’s retinue. Overall I believe that Richard III was ineffective as a monarch between 1483 and 1485. However, this is not wholly because of his individual character, but mainly the events and singularly ambitious nature of his usurpation that he could not conquer by any means. As A.R. Myers said in England and the Late Middle Ages â€Å"Had he come to the throne in the normal way, his ability†¦might have given him a long and successful reign. As it was†¦[his] qualities were not enough to overcome the formidable hostility to him.†

Conscription and Censorship essays

Conscription and Censorship essays How and why did the federal government introduce conscription and censorship on the Australian Home front? What was the role of women on the home front? When World War Two was declared, Australia became fearful of the possibility of invasion by another country. As an almost immediate reaction Australias laws regarding conscription and censorship were dramatically changed. Conscription had divided Australia in the First World War and was introduced in 1939 with virtually no protest. After the National Security Act 1939 was introduced, women were entered into services including the land army and defence forces. In October 1939 conscription was introduced for men aged twenty and as the seriousness of the war increased the terms for conscription constantly changed. Unlike World War One there was very little opposition to introducing conscription* among the public and Prime Minister Robert Menzies found it very easy to introduce conscription to Australia. Conscription laws changed twice, first in 1940 in which all unmarried men at the age of twenty-one were conscripted and second in 1942 where all married men without children as well as all single men from ages eighteen to thirty-three were conscripted. In February 1943 the Federal Government extended the area that conscripts could fight to the whole of the South West Pacific Area. This was changed because of increasing pressure from American General Macarthur. He thought that it was unfair that American conscripts should have to fight overseas while Australian conscripts stay in Australia. During the last year of the World War the amou nt of conscripted men was reduced to one hundred thousand people, as the Australian economy was unable to support the large amount of people out of work. Just days after war was declared censorship of news on the radio and in the press was introduced and these restrictions were to last for the remainder of the war. A Department of In...

There has been a great concern

There has been a great concern on earths ailing condition especially when effects of mans inadvertent progression in the world of science and technology created a network of environmental problems. Thus the word pollution comes to mind. In this essay, I would be looking at environmental pollution particularly, land and noise pollution, how are they evolved and what can be done to curb the problem from aggravating. I think it is very important for people to realize that different types of pollution such as water, air and soil are not inconsequential of one other. In fact, each of the parts of an environment air, water, soil depends upon the others and the flora and fauna within the environment. The relationships among all living and non-living things in an environment make up an ecological system, known as the ecosystem. All the ecosystems of the earth are interdependent. Thus, pollution that seems to affect only one part of the environment may also affect other parts. I would now look at the first of the two types of pollution that I would be concentrating on for this essay - land pollution. Land pollution is the degradation of the Earth's land through human misuse of the soil. Human influences such as poor agricultural practices, the digging up of important resources, industrial waste dumping and careless disposal of trash continue to pollute the land rapidly. There are two significant factors in land pollution - soil pollution and solid waste. Soil pollution is the destruction of the earth's thin layer of healthy, productive soil, where much of our food is grown. Healthy soil depends on bacteria, fungi and small animals to break down wastes in the soil and release nutrients. These nutrients are essential for plant growth. Fertilizers and pesticides can limit the ability of soil organisms to process wastes. As a result, farmers who overuse fertilizers and pesticides can destroy th...

The Theories Of Language Acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Theories Of Language Acquisition - Essay Example This paper will review theories of language acquisition and their relationship to the academic outcomes of 16 students enrolled in a childcare course. First, popular theories of language acquisition will be presented. Secondly, the process of langue development in a child will be outlined, whilst emphasizing developmental stages that vocab, syntax, and pragmatics occur. Finally, an indication of learning developments at secondary school and at higher education will be discussed, particularly in regard to students undertaking a childcare course. I would like to remind the reader of Clibbens warning of not to be caught up in the various debates which can deviate from the true purpose of helping all children, young people and adults to use language and communicate. It is generally accepted that language acquisition is partly innate and partly environmental (Bickerton, 1990). It is generally conceded that for all people, language development is a gradual process that occurs through general development and interaction with people and the environment.Nurture Skinner Skinner's (1957) behavioral approach to language acquisition was simply a set of habits. He did not consider language to be different to any other behavior. The learner of a language is a tabular rosa - an empty slate. He ignored nativist approaches of innate knowledge, as the inner workings of language were unobservable and so un-measurable. Skinner insisted that interaction with the environment leads to stimulus-response conditioning and that the product of this is knowledge. For example, an unconditional environment brings about an unconditional response, the response is followed by an event that is to the liking of the learning organism, and the response becomes positively reinforced. If this sequence of events occurs a number of times, the organism learns to associate the response to the stimulus to the reinforcement. So that when encountering the stimulus again, the same response will be elicited, and so becomes a conditioned response. Behaviorism considers that all learning, including language, occurs through this process of establishing habits. Hence, a linguistic input is due to linguistic utterances in one's environment as stimulus. However, it has been noted in research since that imitation alone does not allow for language acquisition, and simplistic stimulus-response conditionings do not account for it either (Kiyamazarslan, 2001).Piaget Piaget (1952) was a biologist and a psychologist and yet he felt that language acquisition was due to social interaction (cited in Kiymazarslan, 2001). He saw a child's language ability as being reflected in their ability to manipulate symbols, and that a child learns when they are developmentally ready to.