Exploration of a Journal Article in Sociology Essay

Because we have a capitalistic economy, business is the main component of it. Business is in every corner of every sector of the market. Most everything you can possible think of that relates to the economy is business. Retail, services, agriculture, manufacturing, health care, even political campaigning all involves business. Even when civilizations were based on an agricultural type of economy, business transactions occurred The business I have chosen for this is Mc Donald’s. In 1974, McDonald’s opened its first restaurant in the US. Today, more than 2. million people in this country place the trust in McDonald’s every day -trusting the Company to provide us with food of a high standard, quick service and value for money. Customer service is very important to the McDonald’s because it says that they care about their customers. Customer service very important and vital part of any organization, which is selling goods, or service because it exists to satisfy customers†¦ Good customer service will bring you new and keep old customers but if you have bad customer service this will make customers unhappy and they will stop visiting you and the business will not have new customers. McDonald’s operates in a very competitive market. It generally keeps its prices within a compatible range to its competition. What McDonald’s can d†¦ There is more than one definition for corporate social responsibility. One way in which it can be defined is the obligation of organization management to make decisions and take actions that will enhance the welfare and interests of society as well as the organization (Daft, 2003). In other words, corporate actions have social implications, and managers have a responsibility to act in ways which benefit society as well as the organization (Body, 2005). The difficulty that most companies of today are facing is that investing money in order to become more socially responsible may benefit one of the company’s stakeholders, but have the opposite effect for another stakeholder. For example, investing money into the corporate social responsibility is very expensive in the short-term, so whether or not a company decides to become more socially responsible will depend on how willing the shareholders are to invest in such a project. However, the company could see an increase in profits in the long-term future if they were to do so. Nonprofit organizations should be present in the economy to create those services and goods that are necessary for people but are not profitable for companies to produce them. For-profit organizations pay taxes to government and it this way make it possible for nonprofit organizations to fulfill their role 3Energy conservation – Finding additional ways to enhance energy efficiency in restaurants in order to save money and lessen environmental impacts. Sustainable packaging and waste management – Continue exploring ways to decrease the environmental impacts of consumer packaging and waste in restaurant operations. Green building design – Enhance strict building standards to incorporate further opportunities for environmental efficiencies and innovation in the design and construction of restaurants. McDonalds have long recognized the value of minimizing their environmental footprint. This action is not only good for the world in which they operate, it’s a strong contributor to McDonald’s long-term financial success.

Reflection of Aggression Essay

People usually relate the behavior of others to their internal dispositions or to their external situations. A dispositional attribution pertains to the personality of a certain person, whereas a situational attribution pertains to the environmental conditions around an event. For example, if a child was bullying another, it could be considered a dispositional attribution because the kid is just naturally a bully and he has a low self-esteem, or it could be a situational attribution because the kid that he is bullying is annoying and he deserved it. Another cause of bullying is to impress other people. It is easier to bully someone when you have a group of people behind you. Because of social facilitation, people tend to improve their performance and want to better themselves in the presence of others.For some people, they consider making someone else feel bad a way to better themselves. A person that is normally not a bully may tend to become one in a group situation. Although it ma y not be part of someone’s personality to be a bully, this may change because of deindividuation. Because the rest of the group is doing something, a certain person feels more comfortable doing it as well. A kid that may not bully anyone on his own would go along with the crowd in bullying someone because of the loss of self-awareness in a group situation. Sometimes, people can be bullied for a certain reason that is extremely unethical. This is called a prejudice or a stereotype. These two things are unjustifiable attitudes toward a group of people that in many circumstances are not at all true. For example, a person or group of people could be bullied because of their race or culture. This would be called a prejudice because it is unjustifiable to be making fun of someone because of his or her color. Oftentimes, a person is bullied because someone else needs a person to take his or her anger out on. Sometimes, a person can just be a target for someone’s anger, or a person to blame. A person may be bullied just because someone else needs a person to blame an event on. Also, a person can take out their aggression on another person when it is caused by their inability to achieve a certain goal. This is called the frustration-aggression principle. No matter what the reason, bullying or making fun of someone is not the solution to a problem. Things should be thought out and considered before drastic action is taken against a certain person, or group of people.

Adam And Eve The Duality Of Humanity Religion Essay

Adam And Eve The Duality Of Humanity Religion Essay Paradise Lost’s Adam is a rational, clever and trustworthy character who has an amazing rapport with the highest power, God. It can even be argued that before he fell, his was the epitome of humanity, as perfect a human as ever existed. He shares this trait with Eve who is the most perfect and complete woman. This view has been reciprocated by many religious denominations but each has interpreted it in their own unique ways; from Calvinists to puritans to Milton each has interpreted the story of Genesis in their own unique way. Like Adam who was perfect, to the belief that eve was flawed, each has built their own mythos around the story of the genesis of mankind. The Adam represented in Milton’s Paradise Lost is an exceedingly rational being, and can understand greatly sophisticated and complex ideas nearly instantaneously. However this perfection hides several deep and critical flaws present within his character. His character and insight is demonstrated when after ob serving Raphael’s descent into Eden, Adam orders eve to, â€Å"go with speed, / And what thy stores contain, bring forth and pour / Abundance, fit to honor and receive / Our Heav’nly stranger† (V, 313-316). To which Eve answers, â€Å"Adam, earth’s hallowed mould, / Of God inspir’d, small store will serve, where store, / All seasons, ripe for use hangs on the stalk† (V, 321-323). These word which at first seem stiff and of an overly formal method, nonetheless helps reveal the relationship of Adam and Eve. Adam is in charge, but his request for Eve to prepare a meal is not in any way dismissive. She understands that and her response, is in accord with that message. This transitory conversation is not that of a master and servant but of two people who hold themselves in equal regard. His relationship with Eve is not the only conversation between equals, as he also talks with Raphael as an equal. He converses with the archangel Raphael as an eq ual both, socially in his standing, and intellectually in his ability to clearly understand the meanings behind the Raphael’s words. However this ends after Adam’s fall from the grace of god. After his fall Adam loses his pure intellect and his rationality leading him to brash and increasingly non-rational actions, stripping him of his ability to converse with the angels as an equal. Adam’s greatest flaw is his unequivocal love for his wife Eve. He falls I love merely upon seeing her for the first, and even confesses to the archangel Raphael that his attraction is nigh overwhelming. Though warned by Raphael to keep his dangerous emotions in check he completely disregards Raphael’s earnest urgings. After Eve eats from the Tree of Knowledge of good and evil, quickly devours a fruit from the same tree in order to prevent him from being separated from her even momentarily. Eve has become an indispensable companion in his life and he will do anything in order to prevent himself from being separated from his only love. His other major weakness is his insatiable curiosity. He manipulates the angel Raphael to extract more information from him,

Global Perspectives on Innovation and Creativity Essay - 2

Global Perspectives on Innovation and Creativity - Essay Example The researcher states that EMC as a corporation is at the forefront has ensured that businesses provide competitive cutting-edge IT services. Through its transformation in cloud computing, EMC has achieved tremendous success in the way it handles information in its IT departments in a simple, secure and the most effective cost-efficient way. VMware Inc. is an American software company that provides virtualization and cloud software and services and in fact, it was the first that fruitfully virtualized x86 architecture. The company is based in Palo Alto, California. In 2004, it became a subordinate of EMC Corporation of which EMC sold15% of the company in a stock exchange in New York IPO and it operates under the icon VMW (Butler 2014). Customers are now dependent on VMware to help them solve their daily Information Technology needs. In 2012 alone, VMware revenues amounted to $ 4.61 billion with over half a million customers and more than 55,000 associates in addition to its many offi ces all over the world apart from its headquarters in Silicon Valley. The contribution from both sides is meant to reinforce a large group of the consumer by providing a software designed for storage in Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) and an easy way of recovering lost data. Geared towards optimization of consumer use, VMware Virtual SAN infrastructure will feature management based on storage and minimized and inexpensive server-side storage TCO. The geographical distribution of the incorporation facilities lab will ensure that product development of the VMware and EMC, also feature third-party technology that is compatible with its products.

Public's general impression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public's general impression - Essay Example The purpose of learning human relations concepts is to enable the organization members to work more effectively with other people in organizations. The study of human relations is not intended to discover clever techniques for winning friends and influencing people through personality development, nor to enable one to manipulate people to his own advantage. However, in understanding behavioral concepts, one is able to determine better options for solving problems, since all problems are unique in themselves, as to source, issue, people involved, time, place, and situational circumstances. Human relations, as a field of social skills, involve the appreciation of the various behavioral sciences such as psychology, economics, sociology, anthropology and education. It is likewise concerned with the why of people’s behavior in groups and what can be done to prevent and resolve conflict among organizational members. Retention of employees plays a major role in enabling the company to keep its best employees by providing competitive compensation and to recruit potential employees by engaging them with the benefits of being within the organization. It is more costly to lose an employee than to have a new one. In order to maintain a stable workforce, organizations with the help of human resource specialists should attempt to satisfy the worker’s demand for fair labor practice and equitable share in profits of the enterprise. Arbitration is instituted by the government as a due process to enable management and labor to come to reasonable terms and ensure work productivity. Compensation for labor must be established in accordance with the degree of contribution each position gives to the financial and management success of the organization. The Human Resource Specialist will serve as the means of communication for the management

Comparasion of Apple and Samsung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Comparasion of Apple and Samsung - Essay Example A comparison of the stock prices provides us with the information on the relative investor confidence on the two companies. A comparative analysis of the two companies helps the investors to reach an investment decision on the common stocks of Apple and Samsung. A comparison between two publicly traded companies Apple and Samsung could be done with the help of financial ratio analysis. The profitability ratio, liquidity ratio, investment value ratio and debt ratio has been taken into consideration for this comparison. The financial ratio has been determined by considering the financial statements of the two companies for the last two years. The return on assets for Apple is much higher with respect to Samsung. While Samsung produced an 8.83% return on assets in 2011, Apple registered an ROA of 22.28% in 2011. Apple focused to increase its asset base in 2012. The rate of increase in ROA for Samsung is more than that of Apple but the percentage return on assets for Apple is 23.70% which is more than 13.17% ROA for Samsung in 2012 (Bragg, 2012). The return on equity gives an indication of the efficiency of fund management by the companies to increase the wealth of the shareholders. The net income earned by the companies could be expressed as a percentage of the total equity of the company. The return on equity for Apple is more than the return on equity for Samsung in the last two years. In 2011, Samsung achieved a return on equity of 13.58% as compared Apple’s return on equity of 33.83%. From the 2011 to 2012, rate of increase in ROE for Samsung is more than Apple. Despite that, Apple recorded an ROE of 35.30% in 2012 which is more than 19.63% ROE for Samsung. A comparison of the asset turnover of Apple and Samsung provides a measure of utilization of assets of the two companies. Asset turnover indicates the amount of revenue generation of

Accelerating Virtual Team Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accelerating Virtual Team Performance - Essay Example fact, as virtual teams become more and more prevalent, businesses edge ever closer to a culture where "job" means logging in to companys online project management site from ones home or collaborating with individuals who each work for various teams or roles at their local co-working setting. "Company headquarters" is becoming more and more of a concept than an actual premise (Duarte & Snyder, 2013). . And as physical establishment becomes less essential, companies today can hire the best talent regardless of their geographical setting. In addition, firms can enhance efficiency in their operations by handing off work across different time zones, enabling the companies to be productive around the clock. Therefore, there is a link that exists between performance boosters and virtual team. Through appropriate performance, boosters perfect virtual team leaders can be selected to enhance growth of the company. Virtual team leaders are required to be very diligent about how they coach, infl uence, recognize and hold team members for meeting commitments as the skills are essential in long-run efficiency of virtual teams (Duarte & Snyder, 2013). Physical Observation Limitations in the past caused lack of trust. Building trust was the greatest challenge in the past in creating successful virtual teams in the organization. Trust has always been referred to as the real glue of the global workplace. Most of leaders of the team in the past tends to be arranged on the assumption that workers cannot be relied upon or trusted, even in tiny matters of management. For instance, in the past the organization believed that it is unwise to trust workers whom they do not know well, employees who the company felt they have not observed in action over period of time, and who are not committed to the same goals. When trust lacks, it can undermine every other safety measure taken to ensure successful virtual work channel. What could have been done to combat the problem was by recognizing

Apology versus Crito Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Apology versus Crito - Essay Example Apology versus Crito He questions politicians, poets and craftsmen and discovers that they in fact lacked proper knowledge. He challenges the people of Athens and proves that they are ignorant and foolish. He affirms that he is the wisest man because he knows that he knows nothing. His chief complainant is a man named â€Å"Meletus† (Apology) whom Socrates criticizes and questions him severely for calling him an atheist and blaming him for violating god made laws. Socrates claims strongly that he is not scared of the wrong accusations of the society and his life after death and because according to him it is unwise to fear death when you do not even knows what happens to the life after ones demise. Socrates calls Athens as â€Å"a lazy horse† (Apology) and compares himself to a gadfly who stings the people to provoke them. Socrates does not like politics as in his opinion his involvement in politics would have prevented him to serve for his people; lastly he defends himself and his sincere friends who stood by him through thick and thin, and praises his associates for loving him unconditionally. Moreover he favors death to imprisonment and exile, he thinks that â€Å"a life that is not examined is not worth living† so he would continue philosophizing even if his life is at stake. The â€Å"Apology† provides the most significant defenses of a truth-seeking life by Socrates. In his speech he contrasts himself with many well-known people and persuades that his philosophy and thinking is far better and different from others as he does not believe in just acquiring knowledge but rather clarifying ones judgment his philosophical views are entirely different from other philosophers, according to him, the

Create Primary Care Clinic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Create Primary Care Clinic - Research Paper Example Our major clinical disciplines are 9 different specialties. Referral to specialist doctors regarding all major fields are done effectively depending on condition of patients. The mission statement I want to have for our clinics is; â€Å"Quality Health care for all, affordable and Satisfaction Guaranteed†. Why I have chosen this statement as a mission for our clinics? Well answer is simple we provide up to date quality of care to our patients at clinic. Also our contract services including 24- hour care at door step and appointment with expert specialists and surgeons is very cheap and is satisfying off course for our customers and patients. Our contract services like taking care of a patient at home and making arranging of appointment of patients with different expert specialists are of greater importance. It is evolving a good image on the local community. By primary care clinics we mean practitioners such as nursed providing first aid and cure of common illness like cold, fever and common allergy problems. Female nurses are of greater important in this regard as two of our owners are also registered female nurses. Female nurses play an important role in community such as promoting awareness about health issues among female members of the community (Law and Scott, 2008). Also female members of local community trust more on the nurses’ that belong to their own community regarding different problems. There are many services provided by our clinic to the local communities surrounding our both clinics like birth control pills and other medicines and initial services that are available. As a primary clinic we also need Legal health partners aiding us in providing our services effectively. Legal health partners as we know provide legal service legal-health problems related to our patients as well as dealing with different legal issues patients might face during treatment. Also

Explain the role of the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause Essay

Explain the role of the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause regarding confessions - Essay Example A house refers to any structure that an individual’s uses as their residence. It may on a long-term basis such as a residential home or on a short-term basis such as a hotel. Other structures that are connected to a house such as a garage and a store also fall under this category in the Fourth Amendment but an open field that surrounds the house is out of this scope. Papers refer to an individual’s personal documents such as business records, diaries, letters, and certificates. On the other hand, effects refer to the other items that are not persons, houses, or papers. This may include weapons, contraband goods, clothing, and luggage. Almost all items fall under the Fourth Amendment but what is essential is the determination of whether their search or seizure is reasonable. In analyzing the role of the Fourth Amendment, it is critical to determine the police activities that trigger the protection of the Fourth Amendment. It is also essential to justify the reasons behind the police officers engaging in these activities. A search is referred to as an activity that is conducted with the intention of finding evidence to be used for criminal prosecution. When conducting a search, there should be concern whether the search is a product of a government action. There should also be concerns whether it violates the reasonable expectation of a person’s right to privacy. The term seizure usually refers to the keeping of custody of a property to be used as evidence in a criminal procedure. It commonly occurs because of a search. The Fourth Amendment focuses on the reasonableness of the search and seizures. It determines if the police were working along with its requirements. According to the Fourth Amendment, not every action of looking for evidence is referred to as a search. A search depends on who is looking for the evidence as well as where it occurs. Therefore, a

Bacteria Shape and Size Essay Example for Free

Bacteria Shape and Size Essay Questions: A.What are the advantages of using bleach as a disinfectant? The disadvantages? The advantages of using 70% alcohol? The disadvantages? The advantages of using bleach as a disinfectant is strong and effective disinfectant. Its active ingredient, sodium hypochlorite, denatures protein in micro-organisms and is therefore effective in killing bacteria, fungus, and viruses. Household bleach works quickly and is widely available at a low cost. The disadvantage is could irritates mucous membranes, the skin, and the airway. It also decomposes under heat or light and reacts readily with other chemicals. Bleach solutions begin to lose its effectiveness after 2 hours. You will need to make a fresh solution for each experiment. The advantage of the 70% alcohol mixtures is capable of killing most bacteria within 5 minutes of exposure. It is a 70% isopropyl alcohol solution suitable for use as a disinfectant and is safe for contact with the skin. Alcohol mixed with water is an effective disinfectant. The water is the mix prevents the cell from dehydrating and allows the alcohol component to disrupt the cell membrane and enter the cell resulting in the denaturing of cellular proteins. It is a 70% isopropyl alcohol for use as a disinfectant and is safe for contact with the skin. The primary disadvantages of using 70% as disinfectant are that is ineffective against that is flammable and should be not used around a flame source. Another consideration is that it is flammable and should be not used around a flame source. B.List three reasons why you might choose to stain a particular slide rather than view it as a wet mount. C.Define the following terms: Â ·Chromophore: Â ·Acidic Dye: Â ·Basic Dye: D.What is the difference between direct and indirect staining? E.What is heat fixing? F.Why is it necessary to ensure that your specimens are completely air dried prior to heat fixing? G.Describe what you observed in your plaque smear wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? H.Describe what you observed in your cheek smear wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? I.Describe what you observed in your yeast wet mount, direct stained slide, and indirectly stained slide. What were the similarities? What were the differences? J.Were the cell types the same in all three specimen sets: yeast, plaque, and cheek? How were they similar? How were they different?

Three Islamic Leadership Principles Theology Religion Essay

Three Islamic Leadership Principles Theology Religion Essay This chapter elaborates and discusses elements which contribute on the literature review. This chapter started with review of the job performance, follows by the literature review on leadership and then literature review on Islamic Leadership. This literature was about the relationship between Islamic Leadership principles towards Job Performance. The literature was then compressed into the conceptual framework that represents the organizing concept of the study conducted by the researchers. 2.1 JOB PERFORMANCE According to the Murphy 1989, Job performance is defines as behaviors that have a relationship to the goals of the organization. Besides that, other definition of job performance as action and behaviors that control under each individual that contributes to the organizational s goals and measured by the individual level of proficiency (Campbell, 1990). Kane (1986) defined job performance as a record of outcomes achieved in carrying out the job function during the specified period. Alternatively, Rotundo (2000) argues that this definition includes a variety of job behaviors and that some behaviors contribute to the employees duties and responsibilities, while other behaviors still affect the goals of the organization but do not fall under duties and responsibilities. To understand the job performance is determine whether an individual job performance changes over time or still stable from year to year. Job performance can be improved by with leadership, training, work experience, and also by mentoring or coaching. Job performance have to be differentiated between other measures of performance that are sometimes used interchangeably or maybe incorrectly so. The often way to measure job performance is a leader rate his or her employees job performance (Rotundo Maria, 2002). Some research has shown that leadership integrates a great deal of information in these ratings. Performance measurement systems usually focus on the supervisor or manager as the rater of the job performance. As the leader, the challenge is determine on how it affect individual behavior and the work situations can be structured to achieve maximum employee job performance. Effective leadership generates improved motivation and effort. 2.2 LEADERSHIP Northouse (2011), said that being a leader is challenging, exciting plus rewarding, and carries a lot of responsibilities. A leader also should be fully aware of the followers and their interests, ideas, positions, attitudes, and motivations. Leadership is showing the way and helping or inducing others to pursue it. This includes envisioning a desirable future, promoting a clear purpose or mission, supportive values and intelligent strategies, and empowering and engaging those entire concerned (Gill, 2011). Allio (2009), in his article has listed the big five ideas; (1) good leaders have good character, (2) theres no best way to lead, (3) leaders must collaborate, (4) adaptability makes longevity possible and (5) leaders are self-made. However, a lot of the research in business and management has considered organizations as a religion neutral sphere, and as a result religion was not deemed worthy of study (Majeed, Khalid and Khan, 2011). As researchers keep on discussing about leadership, they only focused on Western business environment (Bass, 1999; Yukl, 2002; Fiedler, 1967; Stogdill, 1974). 2.3 ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP The Quran and hadith (the everyday actions and sayings of the Prophet) has explained about leadership qualities some fourteen centuries ago have only been discussed and emerged in the modern times. To thee a Book explaining All things, a Guide, a Mercy, And Glad Tidings to Muslims. (Al-Nahl, 16:89). And We appointed, from among them, leaders, giving guidance under Our command, so long as they persevered with patience and continued to have faith in Our Signs. (As-Sajdah 32:24). Abbas Ali (2005) mentioned in his book, Islamic Perspectives On Management and Organization, Islamic Leadership is a set of shared influence process. The Quran clearly calls for a leader to be flexible and approachable to followers and they comfort for commitment with the presence of these qualities within an organization. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) and Ibn Taimiya (1263-1328) opinion about leadership has been accepted. Ibn Khaldun (p,112) stated that several qualities are important for a leader like, tolerance towards weak, forgiveness of error, patience and hospitality toward guests. Lacking of these skills may decrease the quality of good leader. Next, Beekun and Badawi (1998), stated that, one of the definitions of Islamic Leadership is, the effort that takes by the leader to seeks the voluntary participations of followers in order to achieve the organizational objectives. Moreover, the leaders must be the role models in the organization and guide them in way of happiness in life (Abbasi, Rehman and Afsar, 2009). According to Moten (2011) he stated that the Western secular societies do not have a clear picture of leadership phenomenon from an Islamic Perspective. He added that there are several factors to describe reasons for the need of Islamic Leadership (Moten, 2011). Firstly, there is no distinction between the spiritual and temporal affairs in Islam whereby both lies down and moving together encircling all spheres of human life, (Moten, 2011). To strengthen this statement, Islam teachings according to Iqbal and Mohamad (1962), is not a departmental affair, it is neither mere thought, nor mere feeling, nor mere action; it is an expression of the whole man. Secondly, Moten (2011) points out, the need for implementation of the Islamic Leadership is because based on central concept of Islam i.e., tawhid (unity and sovereignty of Allah), refuse the power of control and command to anyone but Allah, the creator and Nourishes of the universe. To support his statement, Moten referred the Quran (3 :189, 6:57), the command rests with none but Allah to disclaim anyone who claims absolute right and power over anything. Next, Islam perceives that every individual and society activity is for the sake of Allah, Moten (2011). Relation between one creaturess with other creatures is built upon his distinctive relation to Allah. Thus, it is not a dyadic relationship between two believers but it is a triadic relationship in that each is relating to other through Allah as the intermediary, Moten (2011). After submitting the need for Islamic Leadership, Moten (2011) give his point of view on leadership in Islam. According to him, leadership in Islam is a process of communication and a moral activity between the equals directed towards reaching the organization goal, (Moten, 2011). He added, as the leader and the followers both understand the goal and actively joint together for the accomplishment of the goal, the accomplishment of that goal assumes the form of worship or ibadah, hence, the leadership in Islam can be seen as ibadah, (Moten, 2011). The Quran, Sunnah, and the jurisprudence give a comprehensive code of laws: social, moral, political, administrative, economic, civil, religious, and ethical to guide the Muslim leaders to run Islamic organizations appropriately and effectively (Aabed, 2006). Ali (2009) mentioned that, leader is obliged and illustrates a willingness to listen, openness, and concern in dealing with subordinates or follower. Islamic Leadership is defined as a group of leadership principles extracted from the Quran and the biography of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions, structured of good and ethical leadership essential to guide organizations appropriately and effectively. Moreover, it made up noblest Islamic traditions of science, worship, justice, and Ihsan(doing good) and to hammer these values in Muslim, (Khaliq, 2009; Khan, 2007). Besides that, Islam urged the leaders to pay attention to followers needs. It is because, it is trusteeship of Allah, a given responsibility given from him and a service to the mankind, (Toor, 2007). If Allah puts anyone in the position of authority over the Muslims affairs and he secludes himself (from them), not fulfilling their needs, wants, and poverty, Allah will keep Himself away from him, not fulfilling his need, want, and poverty (Sahih Muslim). Leadership is a responsibility which is shared by all adults in a Muslim society as Islam point of view (Mohsen, 2007). As pointed out clearly by Prophet Muhammad in one of the hadiths, Every one of you is a shepherd and everyone is responsible for what he is shepherd of (Bukhari and Muslim). There are some sign for a Muslim that considered good in implementing Islamic values (Abdul Hakim, 2011). Islamic ideas in performance emphasize a high standard of trust, honesty and reliability toward overall behavior. The employees daily activities should be conducted in the strictest obedience to Allah SWT commandments (Dr. Abdullah Mohammed Seidu). As mentioned by A. Hakim (2012), it is very important to understand the Islamic spiritual motivations, including faith, devoting and Islamic application rules. And they have to understand them completely (kaffah) spiritual motivation will give the urge to do the job as well as possible. Therefore, leadership development is one of the important subjects in Islamic teachings (Majeed, Khalid and Khan, 2011). From an Islamic perspective, followings are some of the key attributes for effective leadership; Justice (al Adl), Trust (al Amanah) and Honesty (al Sidq). The organization performance and goals will be achieved in terms of employee performance and there comfort for commitment with the presence of these qualities within an organization. Following are three principles of Islamic Leadership. 2.3.1 THREE ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES Justice (al Adl) The management leaders must behave with team members equitable and fairly without any discrimination about their race, color or religion. Islam always called human being for doing justice to all. Besides that, the Quran also gives the direction to Muslims to be fair and just in any situation even if the decisions goes against their parents or themselves (Ather Syed Mohammad, Sobhani Farid Ahammad, 2007). Allah SWT says: O you, who believe! Stand out firmly for justice, aswitness to Allah, even as against yourselves or your parents or your kin and whether it be against rich or poor, for Allah protects both.(Surah An-Nisa, Verse-135). According to Imam Hasan (2011), the concept of justice flows directly from the law giver Himself, Allah (SWT) so that the council of jurists having the legislative function interpreted by the law by the direct source is the Quran and Hadith to come at a just decision on issues that beneficial to the community. These concepts from the merciful Allah (SWT) frees any individual from accusations as all decisions flow and are based on Allahs commands (Imam Hasan Qasim Okikiola, 2011). Trust (al Amanah) Trust plays an important role for a leader. Allah says in the Quran, Those who faithfully observe their trusts and their covenants, (23:08), and Surely Allah commands you to make over trusts to their owners and that when you judge between people you judge with justice; surely Allah admonishes you with what is excellent; surely Allah is Seeing, Hearing, (04:58), and O you who believe! Be not unfaithful to Allah and the Messenger, nor be unfaithful to your trusts while you know. (08:27). Leaders in organization should be a trustworthy person and can be relying on (Alhabshi et. al, 1994). According to Yunus Mohamad, (2011) amanah is from the word Aman that gives a means like peace, no fear or threat but in Islamic terminology it means honesty and fulfilling the rights of people and Allah SWT. Mohammad Yunus on May 02, 2011 Amanah is fulfilling responsibilities in a good manner, with all talent and potentials, it is an amanah but not fulfilling the responsibilities is a mistrust and deception. He it is that has made you inheritors in the earth: if, then, any do reject (Allah), their rejection (works) against themselves: their rejection but adds to the odium for the Unbelievers in the sight of their Lord: their rejection but adds to (their own) undoing. (Fatir, 35:39). Honesty (al Sidq) According to Beekun and Badawi (2012), honesty of the leaders is considered as to the extent that there is consistency between word and action. Leaders do what they say they are going to do. The Prophet Moses himself is labeled as strong and trustworthy by one of the damsels (as in chapter 28: 26) while the Prophet Joseph is cited as one who is truthful in the Holy Quran. (Chapter 12: 46) Similarly, the Prophet Muhammad during his youth used to be called  Sadiq  (the truthful) and  Amin  (the trustworthy). Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991), said successful leaders are open with their followers, do not violate confidences, discreet and or carelessly reveal potentially harmful information. As cited in Kirkpatrik and Locke (1991), Kouzes and Posner conclude: Honesty is absolutely important to leadership. If we are willing to follow a person, whether it is into a fight or into the boardroom, we first want to guarantee ourselves that the person is worth to be trusted. We need to know whether the person is being truthful, ethical, and principled. We want to be fully assured in the integrity of our leaders. 2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Table 2.1 below was summary of the independent and dependent variables of this research. The summary illustrates relationship between Principles of Islamic Leadership and Job Performance. Independent Variable Dependent Variable Islamic Leadership Principles: 1. Justice (al Adl) 2. Trust (al Amanah) 3. Honesty (al Siddiq) Job Performance Table 2.1: Independent variables and Dependent Variable Figure 2.2 below illustrate the conceptual framework for this study. This figure demonstrates the relationship between Islamic Leadership Principles toward Job Performance. Islamic Leadership Principles: Independent Variable Justice (al- Adl) Trust (al- Amanah) Job Performance Honesty (al Sidq) Dependent Variable Independent Variable Figure 2.2: Conceptual Framework 2.5 SUMMARY This chapter appraises the relationship between Islamic Leadership principles towards Job Performance and the conceptual framework that presents the organizing concept of this study. Chapter 3 will discuss about the methodologies used by the researchers in order to collect and analyze the data of the study.

The Goals And Ideals Of Les Six Film Studies Essay

The Goals And Ideals Of Les Six Film Studies Essay Les Six is a name given in 1920 by critic Henri Collet to a group of six composers working in Montparnasse whose music is often seen as a reaction against the musical style of Richard Wagner and impressionist music. (Owen 2011.) The works of Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud and Francis Poulenc all play an important part in French music and the 20th century. Research question What were the goals and ideals of Les Six? Consider the works of Honegger, Milhaud and Poulenc. 2. LES SIX Members A younger group of composers absorbed the strong influence of neoclassicism but sought to escape the old political dichotomies. (Grout 2009: 880.) Les Six was a group of young avant-garde French composers. Initially Les Nouveaux Jeunes, the name was changed along with the line-up to crystallize as Les Six in 1923. With Jean Cocteau as the spokesman and Satie as the guru, the group was formed and the name was given by French critic Henri Collet. With this identifying label, the individual composers gained public attention as a group in force. (Owen 2011.) Despite the elements the six composers had in common, their differences were far greater. In the 1920s each of them was pursuing solo careers (Latham 2002: 10). Best remembered today, are Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc and Arthur Honegger. Few pieces by Louis Durey and Georges Auric are performed. Germaine Tailleferre was probably still best remembered because she was the only woman of the group. (Kelly 2003: 51.) The group was officially launched in January 1920 by a series of two articles by the French music critic and composer Henri Collet in the French journal Commedia. While it seems apparent that Cocteau was behind these articles, the actual name of the Group was selected by Collet who decided to compare Les Six with the Five Russians. (Kelly 2003: 4.) The members of Les Six were: Georges Auric (1899 1983) Louis Durey (1888 1979) Arthur Honegger (1892 1955) Darius Milhaud (1892 1974) Francis Poulenc (1899 1963) Germaine Tailleferre (1892 1983) Although Honegger was a member of Les nouveaux jeunes and, subsequently of Les Six, he shared with the other members a stimulating companionship rather than a group aesthetic, the existence of which he always denied. (Sadie 2001: 680.) Darius Milhaud was a pioneer in the use of percussion, polytonality, jazz and aleatory techniques. Few of his works of the 1920s are in the spirit of Les Six, however one might seek to define it. Le boeuf ser le toit had nothing to do with Les Six until it was hijacked and turned into a ballet by Cocteau. (Sadie 2001: 679.) Ironically, in the only work to which all members of the group contributed, the Album des six, Milhaud is represented by a Mazurka he wrote in 1914. More important to his music of the 1920s was the confirmation of opera as a major and continuing thread. (Kelly 2003: 89.) During the first half of Francis Poulencs career the simplicity and directness of his writing led many critics away from thinking of him as a serious composer. Gradually, since World War II, it has become clear that the absence from his music of linguistic complexity in no way argues corresponding absence of feeling or technique. (Sadie 2001:227.) Georges Auric was a child prodigy and at age 15 he had his first compositions published. Before he turned 20, he had orchestrated and written incidental music for several ballets and stage productions. (Owen 2011.) His participation in Les Six led to writing settings of poetry and other texts as songs and musicals. Louis Durey was primarily self-taught. From the beginning, choral music was of great importance in Dureys productivity. After the Les Six period, Durey continued with his career. (Owen 2011.) Germaine Tailleferre was the only female member in the group Les Six. She studied piano with her mother at home, composing short works of her own. (Owen 2011.) Music by Les Six The only musical project in which all six composers participated in was Lalbum des six (published in 1920) and it is a solo piano music collection, which were all dances. Prà ©lude (1919) by Auric Romance sans paroles, Op. 21 (1917) by Durey Sarabande, H 26 (1920) by Honegger Mazurka (1914) by Milhaud Valse en ut, FP 17 (1919) by Poulenc Pastorale (1919) by Tailleferre Les six has a lot of compositions under their names but none of them included all six composers, except for Lalbum des six. Each of these individual composers has contributed to the group Les Six in their own unique styles and ways. Their styles are most certainly equally different and with such diverse styles they were able to come as one and compose many pieces while they were still known as Les Six. The goals and ideals of Les Six was to create an individual style of its own, because of the great differences in style and techniques each of them had, but in the end, they were all able to work as one to create Lalbum des six which has gained wide popularity. 3. WORKS OF HONEGGER, MILHAUD AND POULENC Arthur Honegger Arthur Honegger (1892 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in Le Havre, France. His serious-minded musical aesthetic was entirely different from that of others in Les six. He developed unusual musical and dramatic forms in large-scale works for voices and orchestra, and was one of the 20th centurys most dedicated contrapuntalists. (Sadie 2001: 679.) It is very clear that Honeggers compositions are tonal but characterized by a highly individual use of dissonance, if you listen to his compositions very carefully you will be able to hear the dissonances that occur. His music was first heard publicly in Paris in July 1916 (Sadie 2001: 680). The series of large-scale dramatic works and major symphonic scores he composed during the following 30 years established him as one of the most significant composers of his generation. His symphonic movement Pacific 231 (1923), a translation into music of the visual and physical impression of a speeding locomotive, was hailed as a sensational piece of modernist descriptive music. (Grout 2009: 881.) It was said that his symphonic movement Pacific 231 was misinterpreted by the public as specifying programmes, rather than sources of musical inspiration (Spratt 1987:69). This movement is a great example of the goals and ideals of Les Six, they all had a very different approach to music but all their ideas combined became a great masterpiece of its own individual style. Darius Milhaud Darius Milhaud (1892 1974) was a French composer, who was born in Marseilles. He was associated with the avant garde of the 1920s, whose abundant production reflects all musical genres. Though his sources of inspiration were many and varied, his music has compelling stylistic unity. (Sadie 2001: 675.) There is scarcely a genre not represented in Milhauds output. From grand opera to childrens piano pieces, everything seems to be there in extraordinary profusion. He found his musical voice very early on, and there was neither anguish in creation, nor any problem of language or expression, let alone of technique. (Sadie 2001: 677.) It was also apparently said that he could compose anywhere and at anytime, he was not bothered by the disturbance around him. The decade of the 1920s ended with Christophe Colomb and Maximilien, the former and justly celebrated work, the latter one of Milhauds mot riotously noisy scores. (Collaer 1988: 176.) The works of the 1930s are characterized by a greater tendency towards through-composition, in comparison with the clearcut sectional divisions of the earlier works. The opera Mà ©dà ©e is perhaps his finest work of this period: a fascinating study of a woman scorned, graphically portrayed in some of the composers most angular, expressionist music. (Sadie 2001: 679.) Then in the course of the 1950s emerged what might be called his final style. This development can be seen by comparing the operas David and Fiesta, though it comes out especially in the chamber music which, in his late years, he produced abundantly. (Kelly 2003:56.) Despite the impression his music usually gives, he had at times, and especially during the early years, a distinctly theoretical turn of mind, a feature that sets him quite apart from his contemporaries (Sadie 2001:678). Francis Poulenc Francis Poulenc (1899 1963) was a French composer and pianist, who was born in Paris. Poulenc regarded this dual heredity as the key to his musical personality: he associated his deep Catholic faith with his Aveyronais roots and attributed his artistic heritage to his mothers family. It is certainly the case that two strands, profane and religious, co-exist in his work. (Sadie 2001:227.) Poulenc destroyed his first attempts at composition, dating from 1914. He made his public dà ©but in Paris in 1917 with his first work, Rapsodie nà ¨gre, dedicated to Satie and performed at the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre du Vieux Colombier at one of the avant-garde concerts orgnaized by Jane Bathori. (Mellers 1993: 37.) Poulenc learnt a clear but colourful style of piano playing, based on a subtle use of sustaining pedal, and in his own piano music he was insistent on there being beaucoup de pà ©dale. (Sadie 2001: 228.) In his earlier pieces such a style gives body to the often arrogantly popular tunes that abound, softening the ostinatos in the Sonata for piano duet (1918) and the quasi-Alberti bass in Trois mouvements perpà ©tuels (1918). (Sadie 2001: 228.) Poulenc admitted that his reliance on past formulae (long pedal notes, arpeggios, repeated chords) was not always free of routine and that in this regard his familiarity with the piano could be a hindrance; his most inventive piano writing, he claimed, was to be found in his song accompaniments. (Buckland 1999: 346.) His own favourite pieces were the 15 Improvisations ranging in date from 1932 to 1959 and in dedicatee from Marguerite Long to Edith Piaf. This confirms that the piano was not always a vehicle for his deepest thought, he called the Thà ¨me varià ©e (1951) an oeuvre sà ©rieus and included a retrograde version of the theme in the coda to show that he was up with the latest serial idea, but it is hardly the best of him. (Sadie 2001: 228.) 4. CONCLUSION Through my research on Les Six, I have concluded that each of these six composers were very different in style, and had their own unique technique. Each of them made huge contributions to Les Six and keeping the title going for a long time before they embarked their separate careers. But it is very evident that they all had different musical backgrounds but could each collaborate with one another to make music work. The composers that influenced and created the group Les Six have clearly made a mark in 20th century music. It is very clear that the goals they aimed for were achieved through their music and the talent that each one of them brought to this versatile group. It is remarkable that the different ideas they all had could be compiled into one idea as a group. SOURCES Buckland, S. 1999. Francis Poulenc: Music, Art, and Literature. United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing Limited. Collaer, P. 1988. Darius Milhaud. San Francisco Press. Grout, D. 2009. A History of Westerm Music, eighth edition. New York: Cornell University. Kelly, B. 2003. The Tradition and Style in the Works of Darius Milhaud. United Kingdom : Ashgate Publishing Limited. Latham, A. 2002. The Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mellers, W. 1993. Oxford Studies of Composers: Francis Poulenc. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Owen, P. 2011. Les Six. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Peter Owen Publishers. http://www.britannica.com/EBcheck/topic/547009/Les-six. 10 September 2011 Sadie, S. 2001. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition. New York: Macmillan Publishers Limited. Spratt, G. 1987. The Music of Arthur Honegger. Cork: Cork University Press.

Magnificent Minds Of The Renaissance in Europe Essay -- essays researc

The high renaissance of the 1500's was a time of scientific, philosophic, and artistic awe and inspiration. Many new discoveries were being made in the field of science, and philosophers expressed their assumptions on the world and universe around them. In addition, many individuals were gifted with artistic dexterity and skill. The amazing achievements of Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci are considered significant to the Renaissance period. In this paper, the endeavors and achievements of these three Renaissance men will be examined and expressed. Born in 1475 in Italy, Michelangelo was raised in an era of artistic wonder. Not only an artist, but Michelangelo was also a poet, sculptor, and architect. Being gifted in these fields, Michelangelo wrote beautiful poetry and created magnificent sculptures, art, and architectural designs. By the time Michelangelo was sixteen, he produced two sculptures entitled Battle of the Centaurs and The Madonna of the Stairs, and in 1501, Michelangelo began working on his masterpiece "David." The marble statue of David astonished sculptors everywhere, and easily became Michelangelo's most famous sculpture. Michelangelo's painting talent was not so much applied in his canvas paintings, but rather in his gigantic frescoes. Some of his fresco works include The Last Judgment which is a large fresco behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel, and The Creation of Adam which decorates practically the entire ceiling of the Sistine C...

Home Essay -- Personal Narrative Home Descriptive Observation

Home   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My definition of home is not a word I can say or a thought I can think, but a feeling. This feeling is like a calm that settles over me like a blanket, just a quiet assurance telling me I belong in that place. It took me forever to understand where exactly that place was, and the answer was always right in front of me. This feeling would come and go, and I would never recognize it because I knew that only my address and the house that I parked my car at and went in to eat and sleep for 18 years was my home. I never realized that the place I lived wasn’t my home, and I really didn’t want to either.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was a child, I would accompany my family on Sunday outings. We would drive up to the mountains for a picnic or to take short hikes. I would hop in the back of the big burgundy minivan and watch the scenery change as we winded up the mountain roads, continually saying, â€Å"Are we there yet?† Every time though, I would look around at all of the trees and the mountains, and feel the sharp cold that it brought in the early fall through winter. I would get that feeling then, but wouldn’t know what to do about it. I just thought it was the weather or the mountain air that was doing it. I came up here fly fishing once with my father and we camped in a state park somewhere up here. But I really didn’t want to leave, even though it was two six foot plus men in a small tent. There was just a lingering feeling the mountains gave me. Needless to say, the location was one of the determining factors that led me to choose this college. Since Iâ€⠄¢ve begun to live here I have had that feeling that this is my home. But it took me a few weeks to realize that. What led me to the realization of this was a trip I took last week.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tuesday night while sitting in a lonely nursing home my great-grandfather’s long and successful life came to it’s end. Since my mother didn’t have a strong father figure, she was pretty much raised my him and was close to him all her life. I could tell when she called me to tell me that he had died that she wasn’t doing so well. I knew I couldn’t come home then since I had classes on Wednesday, so I decided to come home after my last class that afternoon to be with my mom. I left the school in the afternoon and got home as it was just beginning to get dark at good old Rutherfordton. I pulled up to the house and immediately it hi... ...ng that I got when I pulled into the parking lot. Just about everyone in the hall was watching a movie in my room and I was lying motionless on the floor, but I had a calm reassurance seeping through my mind. It wasn’t the people there, it wasn’t the building, it wasn’t my girlfriend asking me if I was ok, it was just that feeling.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Waking up the next morning in my own bed was a glorious experience in every way. Just hearing the roar of the air conditioner and the light seeping in through the closed blinds, combined with the mixed smell of pizza and floor cleaner, gave me such a wonderful feeling. As I went through my morning ritual I had an extra step in my stride, whether it was brushing my teeth or sipping my coffee while listening to music. As I was going to my first class I went out the side door and immediately the crisp, sharp mountain air hit me. I walked around the partition and saw the huge trees right outside my window, and just looked around at everything as if I had been given a new set of eyes. The mountains give off such a beautiful glow at all times during the day and night, giving me that feeling of comfort and security that tells me that this is my home.

godfater character comparison Essay examples -- essays research papers

Comparison of the Characters Michael Sonny in â€Å"The Godfather† At a first glance Michael and Sonny appear to be quite different. Upon further observation, however, they do have some similarities. Although they are very different in their personality, values, and tempers, they are similar in areas of loyalty, their respect for their father, and their strong family ties. Their personalities are a study in contrasts. Sonny is brash and arrogant, where as Michael is calm and cool. When Don Corleone was in the hospital and Sonny was placed in charge, the family became kind of careless. He didn’t seem to care what could happen due to his actions. He wanted to kill the police captain and didn’t think about the repercussions. Tom has to tell him that it wouldn't be good to kill a cop, but they end up doing it anyway. I think Michael was pushed into it because of his loyalty to the family. He is more calculating in manner. Near the end when he "takes care of all the family business" on the day of the Baptism is a prime example of this. Because he was this way, the objects of his violence had no idea that it was coming. Their senses of values are also very dissimilar. Michael is a man of honor. He doesn't run around having affairs with different women. He only marries twice because his first wife was killed in the explosion. Sonny is an adulterer. He is with another woman during his sisters wedding, along with a few other times throughout the movie. The two brothers h...

Marketing A New Baby Food In Sweden For Nestle

The company that is planning to introduce a new baby food product in Sweden already has a presence and it is among a group of companies that are under Nestle Nordic where other Nestle companies that are operating in Denmark, Finland, and Norway are under and these four companies work in concert and represent Nestle’s operations in Northern Europe.This means Nestle is not new for Sweden where it is selling a number of products among which there are a few baby food products such as Bona and Piltti that have a wide range of acceptance among those that are using breast milk substitutes. [1] The baby food business had been and still is lucrative even if it is a very sensitive area of business that has a lot of controversies around it simply because there are a big number of organizations that are against breast milk substitutes and had been highlighting the problems that are related to it.[2] Because of that the company had always been on the defensive in order to do business in th is particular sector and it had made a concession with consumers and the concerned members of society, by putting a statement out on the very outset declaring that there is nothing better for a child than the mother’s milk and every mother had been encouraged to use breast milk at least for the first four to six month, even more if possible.The only time the company recommends the use of its mother milk substitutes early on is whenever mothers are not in a position to provide breast milk for their children, which could be because of a premature birth of a child or when the mother is either sick or deceased. Since it is not always possible to find wet nurses the breast milk substitutes come close to what the breast milk will provide the newborn children. [3]There are a few problems surrounding breast feeding where if somehow mothers start using the breast milk substitute early in a child’s life the possibility that their own natural milk producing process could be disru pted and they will have no choice other than to depend on the breast milk substitutes that are scientifically proven to be as good as a breast milk, albeit some shortcomings where the breast milk is proven to have a natural immune building mechanism that will enable children to fight disease better.At the same time in the absence of the scientifically processed and manufactured baby foods such as what Nestle is selling in Sweden, it is difficult to come up with a baby food recipe that could be prepared at home that will have all the required nutrition, and the only substitute that could come close to the mother’s breast milk, which is cow milk is not digestible by a small child’s metabolism process creating problems such as anemia in addition to forcing the child’s system to absorb a large amount of calcium and fat that it is not ready to do so.[4] Because of all these controversies organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) had to intervene and c ome up with a code that every company that is manufacturing and selling baby food products will have to adhere to and it has the support of all government bodies. The particular code is not new to Nestle that had been applying it for all these years, but when it is time to come up with a new baby food product and marketing it effectively, there are difficult procedures to follow, one of them being the code has to be observed.The main focus of the WHO Code is in preventing such companies that are marketing baby food products to have a direct access to mothers and to regulate the interaction they could have with those who are providing them essential services such as physicians, nurses, and other health care staff, because those who are against companies that are coming up with breast milk substitute products believe that mothers will have to be protected from their marketing ploy as much as possible, at least for the first six months of a child’s life.[5] Such approach is diff icult since most mothers living in societies such as Sweden will be strapped for time because most of them could be working outside of the home and nature itself is such that if the breast is not used continuously after birth it will stop producing milk. And in between the mother milk advocates believe that if mothers are not approached with various marketing tactics this problem could be averted and mothers will start to feed breast milk right after birth up to six months and more if possible.Without disputing this assumption, it is not difficult to visualize the hurdle a marketing team that is trying to promote a new product that the company had gotten a permit to manufacture and put into the market has to overcome. Nestle had been focusing lately on what is called functional or nutraceuticals baby food that has a dual purpose of serving as a nutritional breast milk substitutes while at the same time it has medicinal advantage that the children using the product will be benefited from.[6] The company did not want to come up with a new name for a product and what it did was it took one of its popular products Piltti and created a different version that is converted into a functional baby food and simply named it Functional Piltti. In doing so it added three ingredients, â€Å"selenium† which is a substance that helps the body get rid of harmful oxidants since it is a proven antioxidant that has the capacity to turn harmful radicals that appear in the body into innocuous water and oxygen.The second ingredient it added was â€Å"nucleotides† whose main function is helping the growth of good bacteria in the gut so that the gut can fight bad bacteria and this ingredient is available in breast milk enabling children to build a natural immune system. And when children are using breast milk substitute formula, unless this substance is added they could be vulnerable to many kind of diseases, one of the reasons breast milk advocates had been highlighting , although it could be solved by simply introducing this substance into baby foods, which nestle did.The third ingredient was â€Å"beta-carotene† whose main function is to create a fortified immune system in the body since it is an antioxidant and it also helps in developing good vision early on, as well as it adds to the good development of the skin. [7] These are ingredients that are supposed to raise the eyebrows of mothers and their pediatricians who are mostly responsible for recommending what kind of baby food formula is good for the newborn children.From the outset the team knew that it has a winning product on its hand and this product is expected to cannibalize the regular Piltti in the long run, which is a little bit cheaper, but it is also presumed to beat many of the competing products that have not yet introduced functional baby food products in their baby food product line, even if their catching up quickly is imminent.However, until that happens the team was a ware that there would be a window of time the company could do a quick profitable business. They have everything at their disposal except that they were aware of the WHO Code, which stipulates rules that make all the areas where an effective promotion could have taken place off limit.They are not allowed to have a direct contact with pregnant women or mothers of small children, although in today’s marketing campaigns that might not be essential, yet sometimes it is possible to come up with events where a close interaction between the marketing team and those who would be firsthand users of their product would have been possible. Because not only they can educate the mothers about their products but also they can give out samples and gifts that will build good relationship, which the code prohibits nonetheless.[8] It is not only that they cannot advertise using the known methods where they can put their ads on billboards, distribute brochures, or give out samples. All that can be carried out is through approved institutions by the WHO Code and if any of the allowed institutions are engaged in giving out free samples that are allowed to receive free samples from the manufacturers they have to make sure that there will be enough supply for the involved mothers for as long as they need it.This is so because this tactic had been highlighted where marketers and distributors of baby food products would usually start giving out free samples and if the mothers become dependent on it at the earlier stage of their breast feeding days and avoid breast feeding it will affect their ability to produce milk leading to their forced dependency on the substitute, which would mean they will be forced to buy the breast milk substitute products. Those who might not afford it could harm the normal growth of a child, which is a justifiable cause to be concerned about.[9] Therefore, there are very limited channels the marketing team could be promoting through and spotting those channels is very important. In addition, it is important the marketing team as well as the company should know that their new product should aim at those that are four months old and higher in normal circumstances and the only exception is when the mothers are not in a position to do breast-feeding for various reasons, there are no wet nurses, and at times access to breast milk banks might not be available since there are some of them in some communities.This would mean their marketing interaction is severely limited to interacting with health care personnel only and it is through them their would be customers will be educated to use their product as advertising to the general public is not allowed. Marketers do not have permission to show their existence at the point of sale, put posters, or any other means of advertising to promote their products.They cannot solicit mothers directly or indirectly or cannot give them gift nor free samples. Even if the health care system has the di scretion of recommending the use of breast milk substitutes, they cannot allow their workplace for promoting any kind of such products. Nor any of the staff of such establishments have permission to accept any money from distributors and manufacturers of such products.But at least if the authorities see it beneficial they can make arrangement where pregnant women and mothers of young children to be educated or to be informed by a sales team, but the purpose of the meeting is far from pitching a product and it will be educational, where they will always be advised there is nothing better than breast-feeding for the newborn children. The labels on the products should not display a child’s picture and labels should clearly describe what the ingredients are, how to prepare it, and at what kind of temperature to store the product.In addition, they have to testify that the substitute does not come near to breast-feeding and the message will have to be to the point, without idealizi ng the breast milk substitute. The overall scenario when promoting baby food formula resembles medicine where there are go betweens who are the health officials and the authorities, and manufacturers of medicine target physicians when it comes to promoting their product since they are the ones who would subscribe it to their patients.Furthermore, almost no medicines are available without prescription, even if there are a few over-the-counter products. With the same token, even if the breast milk substitutes could find their way into grocery stores or even drug stores where anyone can pick them off the shelf without prescription, the consumers of such products could get their information from health workers only or from the labels that are required to follow some procedures, and marketers should not try to reach the direct consumers who are mothers of young born children or expectant mothers.Therefore, the team only had to approach a given number of institutions, mostly health establ ishments, where they are allowed to distribute their samples, gifts, and educational material so that the health officers will be informed about the benefit of their products and pass it on to the mothers of the young children.Due to this restriction the cost and the effort involved in marketing a baby food brand is not very high since they are not allowed to put billboards on the highways of several comminutes, or they do not have to advertise on TV, print, or are not allowed to print brochures and distribute them to the public, but they can pass such material to the health officials to help them with their educating the mothers. Hence, the undertaking would not be expensive since doing it in a continuous basis until the product becomes popular is not required as the case is when promoting other products.Instead, what is involved here is arranging an appointment with the involved officials or at times, all it might take is visiting these establishments in person that might number l ess than hundred. Since such officials are not allowed to ask any payment directly or indirectly that also saves the company a lot of money and it can focus only on samples and at times gifts, to be given to the mothers through the health officials in a form of utensils and the like. Nevertheless, giving physicians bonus is a common practice in the pharmaceutical industry since it is through them all the manufactures are selling their products.When it comes to baby food market it is not allowed, yet the sales team had started taking note to see if there will be some that will qualify in the long run for a preferential treatment and if there is a possibility of getting around the restriction to introduce a bonus even if the code prohibits it, but since it is a marketing scheme there has to be some way of compensating some of the health care workers who would choose to recommend the particular Nestle product for their clients when there are other competing products, because even if Fu nctional Piltti is new in the market, it might not take more than three months for the other manufactures to come up with similar products. Consequently, the job of the sales team is cut out for them where they have made a list of the establishments that are responsible for advising mothers and expectant women what kind of breast milk substitute to use. The job of the establishments that are medical and health care centers, hospitals and private pediatricians is to educate the mothers when to start mixing the breast milk substitute with their breast-feeding and what quantity and frequency to use, a knowledge they would acquire from the manufacturers and from their own experience as a health care officials.There is always a department at the bigger institution that will deal with the various marketers and when the need arises it is possible to arrange a one-on-one appointment and the promoting and the education process could take any form and any length of time. But the anticipated e nd result is in due time the company will start selling its products, either through the drug stores of big hospitals and health centers that can arrange to receive a shipment or the mothers will have to go and buy it from outside market once it is recommended to them by the health officers. And here the other job of the sales team will kick in because they have to go around to talk with the retail establishment, big and small, in the cities they are operating, which will require an extended travel as sometimes they have to cover the outskirts of the city as well as the outlying regions.There is a huge competition to get space in the crowded shelves of retailers that will have to be convinced that the product is worth their recommendation and meets all the legal requirements to be sold for the public, which is part of the job of the sales team to furnish proof and explanation. This is also a very crucial part of their job, although at times it could be done through the distributors. However, the smaller retailers that are not chain stores might have to be approached individually or it might be the job of the distributors to convince them to carry the new product that should attract many buyers because of what it is offering, which is not only unique but functional foods are new even for the general food market that is catering for the adult buyers.After doing that, the particular brand depending on its popularity might start to sell itself, where distributors and retailers would want to put it in their stock and on their shelves because it is selling well, and when that point is reached the sales team could say their job is partially done, but they can still search for new locations and retailers in the same regions or in other regions. The conclusion is the baby food market is a highly regulated market and it is similar to the pharmaceutical market where manufacturers do not have a direct access to the buyers and users of their products, because of the sensit ive nature of what is involved, which is the life of young children whose growth could be harmed irreversibly if they are not given what they exactly need for their normal growth from the beginning.Even if there is no outright opposition to the existence of the breast milk substitutes, the authorities and other concerned groups would have preferred if mothers start using it between four and five months, but since that might not be possible because of the nature of the life of the mothers themselves who could be working outside of the home, which will result in their being time strapped, and instead of preparing food for their children at home it will be easier for them to pick the substitutes form the various stores and mix the feeding process with their own breast-feeding since it is proven to be vital for the children. Similarly, the existence of the breast milk substitutes will become handy for children whose mothers cannot breast-feed them for various reasons that were mentioned earlier, and in their case the breast milk substitute will come close to breast milk and they will grow up healthy as there are sources that are saying even if people simply wanted to believe that breast milk is better for the child and it will create some kind of bondage between mother and child, in reality the substitutes are proven scientifically to be as good as the breast milk if not better.Therefore, any company that is selling baby food, which has a global market of close to $21 billion a year will have to go over many hurdles to put the substitute on the hands of the mothers that will use it to feed their baby properly and everyone will be benefited at the end of the day. [10] REFERENCE 1. Nestle in Northern Europe. Retrieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. nestle. se/neobuilder/200108091943_6622_3b72cbb9544e1. html 2. Baby Food Business Assessment. Retrieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/3492 3. Baby Food Industry Lobbies WHO. Retr ieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. bmj. com/cji/content/full/321/7273/1411 4. The Ecologist. Retrieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. theecologist. org/archive_detail. asp? 5. International Code. Retrieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. ibfan. org/english/resource/who/fullcode. html 6. Nestles Market War.HighBeam Encyclopedia. Retrieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G1-131934511. html 7. Breast Feeding. Retrieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. geocities. com/HotSprings/spa/3156/code. htm 8. Health Workers and the Baby Food Industry. Retrieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. bmj. com/cji/content/full/312/7046/1556 9. Nestle Public Relation Machine Exposed. Retrieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. babymilkaction. org/boycott/prmachine. html 10. Health-Conscious-Drive-Baby-Food-Market-Growth. Retrieved from the Web on April 5, 2007. www. rncos. com/Press_Release/Health-Conscious-Drive-Baby-Food-Market-Growth-July. htm

Assessing Young Learners’ Speaking Ability in the Fifth Grade of Three Elementary Schools in Padang Essay

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Problem Communicative view development in English learning makes the focus on English teaching changed. What once became structurally focused, it now moves toward meaningful language-focused. Students are not asked to memorize structure-based dialogues without knowing the meaning anymore. There are no more grammatically controlled sentences for students’ meaningless repetition. Dialogues, if used, center around communicative functions and are not normally memorized (Richards & Rodgers, 1986). That makes the teaching of speaking becomes the core part of English teaching. Just like the adults, young learners today are also taught speaking meaningfully and communicatively. However, young learners have distinctive characteristics compared with adult learners. One of them is children are still developing cognitively, linguistically, socially, emotionally, and physically (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). In other words, in teaching speaking to them, teachers need to consider children’s development of skills in the native language first. Young learners also enjoy rhythmic and repetitive language more than adults do. They are more likely to play with language than adults are, and they can be more effectively engaged through stories and games (Peck, 2009). The different techniques and approaches in teaching speaking to young learners lead to different ways in the speaking assessment. This is the problem faced by Indonesian young learners’ teachers nowadays. Most teachers do not know how they should assess their young learners’ speaking ability; some finally choose to skip the speaking assessment and focus on pencil-paper-tests. Thus, this research is conducted to discover and reveal ways of assessing young learners’ speaking ability. B. Identification of the Problem Based on the background above, the speaking assessment techniques used for young learners should be different from the adult. It should be suited with their cognitive, linguistic, social, emotional, and physical development. As we looked upon Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices by Brown (2010) and integrated it with curriculum standard in Indonesia, KTSP 2006, young learners will be better to be assessed in imitative and intensive speaking categories, such as imitating teachers’ saying, directed response tasks, read-aloud tasks, and dialogue completion tasks. Alternative assessments such as interviews and conferences can also be applied for them. C. Limitation of the Problem In this research, the problem will be focused on the speaking assessment techniques in the fifth grade of three selected elementary schools in Padang. D. Formulation of the Problem * What kind of speaking assessment technique used by elementary school English teachers? * Why do they use such techniques? E. Purpose of the Research The purpose of this research is to discover and reveal the technique used by English teachers to assess elementary school students’ speaking ability. F. Significance of the Research Theoretically, this research is aimed to give a description of how speaking assessment for young learners done in Indonesia. Practically, some techniques used by English teachers provided here can be a source of alternative speaking assessment. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. The Nature of Assessment There has been various explanation of what assessment is. Brindley (as stated in Linse, 2005) refers assessment as â€Å"collecting information and making judgments on a learner’s knowledge†. It means that in assessing students, we need to find out what students know about the subject being taught and how far that understanding has reached the learning indicator. In the same line with Brindley but with an addition, Brown (2010) states assessment as â€Å"an ongoing process of collecting information about a given object of interest according to procedures that are systematic and substantively grounded.† In his statement above, Brown implies that the process of collecting and judging students’ understanding is not done orderly in one single time; it is done continuously. Harris and McCann (1994) also give an essential note that in doing assessment teachers have to measure the performance of their students and the progress they make, as well as diagnose the problems they have and provide useful feedback. In other words, collecting and judging students’ intelligence is not enough; finding out what becomes students’ problem and giving advice to them to overcome the problems is also important to create a more successful learning process. Based on the theories above, it can be seen that assessment involves collecting information about students’ knowledge and judging their understanding in order to diagnose the learning problems they have so that students can get useful feedback to be more-successful learners. B. The Nature of Speaking As stated in the previous chapter, today’s English teaching focuses more on communicative purpose of language learning than in the past. It leads to the more important consideration of speaking skills than in previous time. Just like assessment, there is also various definition of speaking. One of them is from Lingua Links (1998) that defines speaking as productive skill in the oral mode that involves more than just pronouncing words. Referring to today’s communicative view, of course speaking cannot be thought as just pronouncing words; it needs to be meaningful, and communicative. Furthermore, Noonan (2003) states that, if pronunciation included, speaking involves three areas: mechanics (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary), functions (transaction and interaction), and social cultural norms and rules (turn-taking, rate of speech, etc). All of them are connected to each other and prove that speaking is not only about what is uttered, but also the meaning and social purpose. C. The Nature of Young Learners Young learner is a child who is in their first six year of formal education, from age 6 to 12 (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). Many experts argue that it is beneficial to teach the children English since young age. TKT Young Learners (2010) notes one of the advantages that those children will have positive self-esteem toward English and it will help them to learn English more once they are adult. That is why teaching English to young learners considered important today. However, young learners have characteristics that make them different from the adults (Teaching Knowledge Test Young Learners: Handbook for Teachers, 2010). First, they are still morally, cognitively, psychologically developed. Based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, children in age 6-12 years old are still in concrete operational thought stage, they already have the ability to do logical reasoning and understand reversibility with the help of concrete objects (Santrock, 1998). It means that explaining theory will not do for them, we need to make them move, do games, sing, etc. Second, young learners often have no obvious reason for learning English. Unlike adults who want to do it because of the career-related reasons or teenagers that do it to pass an exam, young learners do not have concrete reason why they must learn English. However, it does not mean they are not motivated to learn English; their goodwill, energy, and curiosity to learning overcome that. Third, they may not always have well-developed literacy skills to support their learning of English. Many children in the age of 6-12 years old are just getting to know their first language. It means that as a teacher we need to not have too-high expectation and do more. Fourth, young learners often learn slowly and forget quickly. It is related to the first characteristic that young learners are still developed morally, socially, and cognitively. Their still-ongoing developments in those basic things make them forget easily and learn slowly. This is why songs, agmes, and chants do best for them. D. Principles of Assessing Young Learners According to METU Open Course Ware (2006), principles of assessing children’s language learning are: 1. Assessment should be seen from a learning-centered perspective. It means that we cannot get a true assessment by testing kids what they can do alone. It has been stated by many experts that the goal of learning English is to be able to communicate meaningfully in English. Testing students, let alone young children, as a tool to get true assessment will not congruent with the real goal of English learning and it will just be wasting time. 2. Assessment should support learning and teaching. This is something that is not also becomes a problem with young learners, but also with the adult. Before performance-based assessment is introduced, teachers chose paper-and-pencil tests as their source of assessing (Puppin, 2006). It becomes a problematic then since students do not see the connection between the learning and the test they are doing, ; they see them as two different incongruent things. If the assessment done is congruent with the learning they did, children will feel that what they have learned is useful. 3. Children and parents should understand assessment issues. Their understanding will make the assessment process more meaningful since they can participate and supports greatly on behave of children’s English development. On the other hand, if they do not understand why the teacher does this and that, there will be no good communication between these three subjects to help children’s development. E. Techniques of Speaking Assessment Brown (2010) states some techniques of speaking assessment based on students’ language development level: Imitative Speaking This kind of assessment is intended to see whether students can imitate saying in English correctly. Eventhough it focuses on the accuracy of repeating words, it does not mean that it cannot be communicative and meaningful. Besides, in recent years many experts have discovered that an overemphasis on fluency can sometimes lead to the decline of accuracy in speech. Intensive Speaking There are four tasks in this kind of assessing: directed response task, oral questionnaire, and picture-cued task. In oral questionnaires, students are first given time to read the dialogue to get its main idea and to think about the appropriate lines to fill in. Then, as the tape, teacher produces one part orally; the students respond. In directed response task, students elicit a particular grammatical form of a transformation of a sentence. Such tasks are clearly mechanical and not communicative, but they do require minimal processing of meaning in order to produce the correct grammatical output. Picture-cued task requires a description from the students. Pictures may be very simple, designed to elicit a word or a phrase, or composed of a series that tells a story or incident. This task is meaningful since sometime a little sense of humor is injected. Responsive Speaking Assessment of responsive tasks involves brief interactions with an interlocutor, differing from intensive tasks in increased creativity given to the student and from interactive tasks by somewhat limited length of utterances. The kinds of this assessment are question and answer, giving instructions and directions, and paraphrasing. Questions and answers involve oral interaction with teacher.

Balanced Scorecard Essay

Introduction Performance management systems are often designed to enable organizations to plan, measure and control their performance, so that decisions, resources and activities can be better aligned with business strategies to achieve desired results and create shareholder value. The Balanced Scorecard is a performance tool using financial and nonfinancial measures. It provides an organization with ways to develop and evaluate strategic objectives and goals. For the past two decades, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has been proposed as an integrated framework for the implementation of financial and nonfinancial performance measures that helps organizations align their initiatives with the organization’s strategy (Kaplan ; Norton, 1992). The United States Postal Service delivers more mail to more addresses in a larger geographical area than any other post in the world. The Postal Service delivers to more than152 million homes, businesses and Post Office boxes in every state, city, town and borough in this country. Everyone living in the United States and its territories has access to postal products and services and pays the same postage regardless of their location (USPS, 2014). This paper will examine the effectiveness of the implementation of the balanced score card approach. Key Issues for Discussion Explain how the Voice of the Employee supports improved internal processes (Voice of the Business), and how the Voice of the Business supports customer satisfaction (Voice of the Customer). Employees have a huge impact on their organization’s financial results. When employees are empowered to make decisions they share information relating to the strategic processes and direction of that organization. When it comes to carrying out the message and mission of the organization the voice of the employee is very crucial. Through empowerment, the employees are able to create an opportunity to show management how they will apply the company vision to their daily task. The voice of the business relates to information derived from financial data. This data can be used to indentify weakness in certain market areas and the status of the research and development process. In order to move the organization forward or closer to its overall objectives, analyst must understand the relevance of the balanced scorecard process. The voice of the customer indentifies the needs of the customer which are keys to the strategy to defining which processes can be viewed as value added products or services. The customers are a continuous source of feedback both good and bad. Customer feedback can also provide new opportunities to identify and develop new products. Kaplan and Norton advocated a well-connected map ping that leads from an organization’s main strategy to the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard: Financial, Customer Satisfaction, Internal Process, and Learning and Growth. Each element works to support the strategic objectives in a linked process. Customer satisfaction leads to the desired financial outcome, which in the case of the Postal Service is sufficient revenue to support the universal delivery service mission (Evans, Lindsay, 2011). While Figure 8. 14 shows only representative measures associated with the balanced scorecard, suggest some other measures that might be included using your knowledge of postal operations. Based on my personal experience and knowledge of the United States Postal Service, I would suggest that the organization add some additional measures to it balanced scorecard. The organization should measure customer complaints relating to package handling and damaged goods. Damaged packages generally lead to claims brought forward by customers which is certainly a value associated with it that should be tracked and measured. The organization should also measure and analyze the effects of the employee turnover rate. Employee replacement cost can have a huge affect on the financial element. Cost associated with the orientation and training of a new employee as well as the cost associated with employee separation can have an effect on the bottom-line. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Balanced Scorecard Some organizations have a difficult time establishing a process that can translate its strategic vision into concrete goals and actions. There are clearly some beneficial advantages to applying the balanced scorecard approach. Some of these benefits include gaining a cross organizational team that will open channels of communications. The company will have enthusiastic people who are focused on carrying out the organization’s mission and commitment to quality. Also, the company will gain a unique competitive advantage relating to reduce time frames, improved decisions and better solutions. Most importantly, initiatives are continually measured and evaluated against industry standards. There can be some disadvantages as well. The balanced scorecard takes a lot of planning and forethought. Defining clearly stated objectives and setting goals are crucial to the process. There can be resistance from employees or even management. Some individuals may see the implementation as a threat or indication of a lack of performance on their part. While the balanced scorecard gives an extensive overview of the organization’s performance, it does not give recommendations regarding how to resolve discovered problem performance areas. Conclusion The case study involving the United States Postal Service presents evidence that the balanced scorecard approach can have a positive effect on an organizations overall performance. If integrated successfully, the balance scorecard will be a tool that ensures clarity and consistency across all departments or individuals involved. Solving quality management issues rely on the right approach and planning. Understanding the importance of the linkage among all four of the balanced scorecard is crucial to its success. Special attention should be given to the proper implementation and cultivation of intangible assets relating to learning and growth. The USPS has improved its service and has increased customer satisfaction. First-class mail performance has improved to over 95 percent of overnight mail being delivered on time, with improvements in other categories of first-class mail (Evans, Lindsay, 2011).

Cache Level 3 Unit 2

c- Analyse the issues which are essential to confidentiality and objective observations Partnership With Parents. Parents know their child best therefore it is essential to establish a co-operative partnership with the parents of the children. It is ideal to build a trusting and respectful relationship with parents so that they feel comfortable speaking with the practitioner if they have concerns. Parents are entitled to be kept informed on how their child is progressing and are told what the child will be doing in the setting, for example following The Early Years Curriculum.This can help the child develop and feel comfortable. Parents should also be made aware that their child will be observed and assessed throughout the year in the setting. If a trusting relationship exists between a practitioner and a parent it is more likely information on problems or changes at home will be discussed with the setting. Parents can also help to shed light on observation findings therefore practit ioners can understand the child’s stage of development and personal needs more.However if there is a breach of confidentiality parents will be hasty to share information again and have a negative outlook towards the practitioner, this means it is essential for information handling to be in a secure and safe manner. Safe Storage of Information. Storage of observations must be dealt with care, it must be stored in a secure manner in folders which are locked, password protected and encrypted.Yet they must be accessible to designated practitioners and files also must be backed up. Only trusted members of staff should have access to personal information as part of the Confidentiality Policy under the Data Protection Act 1998 all children’s right to privacy should be respected and upheld. Sharing Information Information on observations can be shared with other professionals involved with the child, for example in a multi-agency team information on observations can be shared. Parents also are allowed and encouraged to view observations that have been made on their child as they can help the practitioner understand the results and even take action towards the child’s personal needs themselves. Objectivity Pre-judgement, personal beliefs and values are not allowed to come into the observation however a skilled observer will acknowledge that everyone has these traits and will try to be objective. To be objective means to be without bias and not allow your personal experiences influence what you observe in the child.However practitioners must be careful they don’t give the child a self-fulfilling prophecy whether negative or positive because every child is different and will develop at their own pace. Children with learning difficulties, different ethnic backgrounds or family background might be seen as developing English skills slower. This may not be the case and a practitioner must give every child the chance to develop and be given the same amount of one-on-one teaching time as well as group class activities. (e7)

From emigration to immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

From emigration to immigration - Essay Example The population of Ireland is 5.5 million at present, but had been over 8 million in 1841. It had augmented hastily from 4 or 5 million at the Act of Union with Britain in 1801. As the population was to be destroyed by the Famine of 1845 to1848, together by death and mass emigration, there had been elevated emigration well before the Famine. More than 1.5 million had emigrated between 1815 and 1840. One third of these left to Britain and of those who went west, half came towards Canada, and the other half to the United States in that period. This stage of emigration which was to rise swiftly in the stage instantly after the Famine was an extraordinary high proportion of the total population, unparalleled in other European states. The Famine directed to the death and emigration of over one million people. The population fell to 6.5 million by 1851 and by an additional million to 5.5 million by 1871. There was de-industrialization, as stated by the author (Crotty, R., 1986), in the 19th century in the majority of Ireland, with the exemption of the North East. Five million people emigrated between 1851 and 1921 and most of these were sole adults. The tough farmers left the farm to the eldest son and many siblings went abroad and so the honesty of their farms was preserved. People had far less children and those who had property were to become tough in their attitude to heritage. Emigration and transforms in productiveness permitted for augmented profits for those who stayed behind. The following table gives the net outflow each decade from 1850 up to the ending of the 20th century and in addition for the three years to 2003 inclusive. It shows a huge outflow of people from Ireland mainly given the small size of the population. (Crotty, R., 1986). The reasons for the continued growth of the Irish economy are difficult, yet